We have over 400 emails. But he kept having This DOD using a gmail. I was suspicious. And today which is wed. April 23rd 2025 he asks for a some kind of gold card, guess you can get one at Walmart. So I googled it. It came up as scammers use it because you cannot trace the money. He keeps asking me to fill out DOD forms to get him home for a month so we can get married. I told him many times not to ask me about that DOD form. Because it is embarrasing going to a local DOD office for the form. Everytime i sent him a real one, he kept saying no, that is the wrong one. Then this DOD with a gmail(fake) sends me other forms as his fiance. Now, I have not enclosed what is in the emails. Just that they was a 24/7 conversation. Kevin, last night you said don't date any other men. I said, repeatedly I haven't dated since 2011 and I am happy. Then, I told him last night, that I would love him forever. Doesn't make sense. But this morning. It just broke my heart with these fake gmail emails. I TOLD HIM, kevin, you are part of the DOD, so if you want to come home to me, fly your own plane here. Lol So, today the fake DOD gmail contacted me wanted 250. and then he asked me for a card at Walmart 50.. Seems like he is all of these gmails. Why waste so much time. Why me? So, Kevin you probably can skype. I said continue. You say where you are in Iraq and cannot do that there. Your profile says you are married. You say divorced. I won't air the rest. Because I am nice. We poured our hearts out to each other. So Kevin if you are real. Call me. You know where I live. Sent me a rose. Maybe all these games are just to surprise me. But you did this all wrong. Asking me to send a 50 walmart card, 250. To some bogus DOD gmail. Claiming I broke your heart. What do you think you did to me? So I am enclosing all the bogus gmail here. You want me, fly home.i noticed the DOD gmail is no longer exhisting. But I snapshot it before I told you I am contacting The F.B.I like I said. Fly your own plane home. Not only did you do all that. You told me you adopted 2 boys that are in a boarding school in Florida. Called a hostel. Catholic Church. And then asked me to write to them as their "New Mom". Another gmail. Makes me think you have all these gmails and made a fool out of me. Are you another wierd stocker? Or kevin Scneider who says he loves me?. So, cannot skype, or able call from Iraq, so fly. I told him, no, I don't want him to leave his job. I understood his position under importance. This divine intervention and all this divine timing. I said I don't care about your stars and your stripes, I just want you. I said, even if we lived in a tent i. The forest, I would not complain. I may shudder though if the wind blew it over, then rain, and our clothes start smellung of mildew. But this DOD forms, I do not know how I can help you. Please don't ask me again. So, now we are not talking. It is silent. Why Kevin, why?
My Marketing Professor and The CEOs
The CEOs from Star Crest, a large corporation in Perris, California. A mail-order company.
I wanted to learn all about mail order. This is what I do. I take odd jobs with a purpose when I want to learn all about them. So, at the time, I was interested in mail order and starting my own company. It would not have been a competition, no, I had my own ideas on what I would sell. The Internet had not yet been presented. So, computers were still in their I0I0I0. I needed a computer for this work. Anyways, I had applied and got hired in Marketing
Department. There were stacks and stacks of data. And my job was to find discrepancies.
I got very good at it. So much that I surpassed others who had been there for years. Now, my boss was pretty cool. I liked my hard work. Then, I started training others. I was able to free up my time. Then, my boss assigned me as his secretary, so he could relax from all the phone calls he had to deal with. I still had the same position.
One afternoon, he had a “project” and asked who would like to do such a task. And I raised my hand. I got the job, even though I still had the same job. Lol.
So, this new project entailed pushing merchandise through, for example, get rid of excess merchandise and outdated products. They were behind for over 2 years. And, I had to get
Started. So I did. Oh, I was good. I had that merchandise moving and out the door. So fast, they could not keep up with me. In the meantime, I bought this old computer. A dinosaur. I had a plan.
I got the merchandise sent out to various places as “Donations’ and sent them to varied dot orgs. Someone out there could use it. So that is what I did. The problem was that they could not keep up.
Anyways, one day, I was back doing discrepancies. Stacks and stacks of data. I was good with numbers and fast scanning.
I just happened to look up, and I saw my boss walking down the hallway towards me. I was trying to figure out why he was grinning ear to ear. Oh, was he proud, Oh, was he so happy.
And, I was looking at him and thinking “what?”
Behind him were about 5 or more, looked like Execs?
One man said, “well, who is she? Where is she?” And, I am like, no, what is going on?
My boss says, “Here she is, Miss Charla De Hart”. And one of them stepped forward, “We wanted to meet you, and shake your hand. And they did. They shook my hand. They were all smiles. Apparently, they had all flown in from different places. I am elated. They told ME a story. The company had just started with only pantyhose. It is now a large corporation with many products. I was thinking about what they were saying. And, I was thinking about all the things that I would like to add. They catered mostly to the elderly and some Christian book sections. So, I was thinking I could throw out some ideas to them, and I would abandon the thought of starting my own. I could. Always been a hard, dedicated worker.
Even if pay would still be low. I would be satisfied. These people who flew out from various places to meet me were the CEOs. All of them. They told me how I had accomplished a task that they had been behind on for a few years, and I had gotten it caught up in a few weeks.
Oh, my boss was so proud. They said that they will hire a new swing shift, a whole new crew, to help me push out this merchandise. So, they did.
A few weeks had gone by, and then, at work, I got a phone call. It was an emergency at my home. My eldest son was crying. And I listened. So, my eldest daughter, who lived outside of the other side of the town, is called Valle Vista. In Hemet, California. Her boyfriend was very large, abusive, and brutal, and she was petite and tiny. The phone call was a 911 call to go home immediately. I had to tell my boss I was sorry, but I had to leave work, NOW. I explained the best I could, and he understood.
Apparently, my daughter brought my 2-year-old grandson in only a diaper, was outside on the front door step. Now, for some reason, my eldest was home from school, most likely sick. I do not know if he was put inside; my son did not know he was even there.
My other children were at recess, right across from our house, and they were crying.
They saw all this unfold, and the yard duty person would not let them go and get their nephew into the house. No one would help them. The personnel there let it all unfold. The police were there, and so was the County of Riverside. My daughter shows up and gets to take my grandson away. I was there alone with them.
This was no longer about my grandson, no. It was about my own children. Don’t threaten me. They went through the entire house and took pictures. I saw the pictures. In my case file. What was in those pictures? I will tell you. They took snapshots of the laundry room and the kid’s rooms, and the bathroom. My kids were a bit funny. They would pull out their clean clothes and not put them back, then stomp all over their clean clothes. So I was always washing and rewashing. Never-ending. They didn’t make their beds, even though school was across the street on Franklin Avenue. And the bathroom picture? Showed that it was clean and shiny. In their report, though, they said that my son left his remains in the toilet.
Meaning he used the toilet and did not flush. They said a different word then remains. That is a nice way to put it.
I was just upset, standing in the kitchen leaning up against the refrigerator from this invasion.
A lady from the County said, “We could take your children.” How many times had I gone through that? Tired of this rhetoric, I said, “Go ahead, I need a break”. Well, I did not mean it. No, it was my sarcastic humor that lit up my situation. And, if it were to happen, they would be back in a few days. My kid’s intelligence would put them through the ringer. And they would too. Anyways to “comply”, I had to take a “parenting class”, Lol. I thought, man, I could have gotten the laundry done. Oh, well.
My boss called me, and I had to explain the situation that I had to stay home and not work. He said, “please come back, we need you here and take all the time that you need”.
Well, I did not go back. Later, I found a new job, much closer to home.
Mail Order idea on the back burner. Of course, my water got shut off. My dad paid it for me.
Now, my eldest, a somewhat humbug always chirping on my shoulders, said, “Well you bought a computer, and grandpa had to pay the water bill!”
Yeah, well, unfortunate events happen, have no time to explain this to a child who does not need to know how people treat others. Let him think I was a failure, and not what the reality of cruel people is. He still, to this day, will throw that up. And, I am thinking, “By now, you still don’t know your own mother?” A humbug, alright. A humbug.
Here is the other story about my Marketing Professor, A bit shorter story.
I went to college, off and on through an 8-year period. A major in Real Estate and A huge minor in business. The plan was to combine the two, including law and Real Estate Laws.
I had a few drama classes and music. And then, all of the others. Took even summer school in various campuses.
My Marketing Professor always liked to test us. And see if we were paying attention. I never raised my hand. Yet, he liked to always pick me. Sigh…
We had to do a “Thesis”, a final. So, I chose Donations. Why not? I did that job before.
So, I did my research. Not remembering where I found this person, he was exactly who I wanted to interview. So, I believe we had two lunch dates. I wasn’t hungry for food, I wanted information. I got all I needed to know, so I did not call him back.
He worked at a call center, for events like the Policeman’s Ball and the Fireman’s Breakfast, raising funds for their cause. I learned that these call centers would call the locals and had a scripted pitch. I discovered that these causes only got maybe 10 and at most 15% brought in, and then the rest went to the companies who did the calling, and then some bonuses fot the employees.
Then, I decided to take on a job as a “driver”. I wanted to know everything about it. Did they really sell tickets and deliver them to patrons? I started delivering these “basketball” tickets. I believe it was for Veterans. A good cause. I enjoyed being part of a good cause.
They would send me out to these remote places, where you would not think anyone would live at. When that project was done, they offered a new one. I am like, no, thank you.
I used one of the typewriters in the college library and started on my thesis report.
And, I wrote it raw with all of my thoughts. And gave it to my professor. I got an A+.
As my professor was handing it to me, it was not a congratulations. No. He said, You know, Charla. I don’t think you have the potential to be a Marketer. Now, it became clear that he thought I was too nice and happy. Not only that, but I thought I was this dumb blonde. A stigma. Not true. I thought I could do this, and not only that, but I could also play the dumb blonde part quite well. I could play stupid and get away with not showing I was smart. A protection mechanism. Used it to my advantage. And it kept me safe and out of a lot of trouble and danger.
Not a liar, but a protective mechanism. I took drama, and it helped me with this persona.
I will tell another story about this most unnatural, yet natural beauty I have, and the charisma, not natural. I will write about this when I have the time. End of these short stories.
Charla DeHart
April 26 2025
First of all, I would like to wish everyone a good Easter, Palm Sunday, April 20, 2025
I do not want to take anything away from my Father, Jesus. It is his day and not mine.
I was not expecting to hear about who exactly I am, especially today. I have been cleaning my carpet in my bedroom, and totally exhausted. But, I checked my email randomly on a break and saw that my DNA results on CRI Genetics. I had paid for the extensive full package. I hadn’t been able to really eat or sleep for over a month. And I thought, maybe a DNA test will help me find out what type of diet I could handle.
Now, I know people are looking at my posts and thinking, is she crazy? Just an interesting storyteller? Well, none could be further from the Truth. God gave me truth from the time I was born. So, no white lies or fibs here.
Jesus has been with me for as long as I had any kind of memory. I posted earlier on how he would take me on flying adventures, and I had white, feathery wings, then when I got older, I flew with no wings at all.
These adventures never left. If I had an imaginary friend as an adult, certainly be questionable. But no. Never left me. Constantly watching me.
Something you may or may not understand is how Jesus can be everywhere, yet still be in heaven. Well, I had done it myself when I slept. Mine, although mostly people that I personally have had some kind of encounter with. I would go to where they were, and speak and interact, yet I would be home asleep. I have had 3 witnesses tell me about my visits. I mostly came to them and told them they would be ok. Not sure how many I have actually done this with, they never gave me a phone call and said, “hey, you came to me and I was awake”. So, I call this a “hologram”.
Israel has been at war for years, just to exist, just a little piece of land. I even wrote an article about how vast the Holy Land was. Right here on the “X” platform. I said how far it was, and I had answers coming to me from the Divine.
I still have so many stories to help others. That is me. I want to open doors with my keys and help others out. Now, people who have tried so many things to get this connection, well, I was born with it.
I am not a threat to anyone. God has been calling me to send out his messages, and helping Israel, and all this chaos. I was a secret. I am protected. Always been. Now, at 17, I was so scared, I told my angels to go away, but they did not, they stayed. I don’t see a whole being, no, I see this light, and it is as tall as a person, a tall person.
No, I am not a threat to anyone. God wanted me to help with his lost children. But, for me, I have a love for animals and children. I love them so much. When the war is over, hopefully soonly. I know Father is coming. I want it to be a joyous occasion. But, remembering Jesus and Lazarus, were they to be killed? Well, I hope people do not want that to happen to me.
I do not blame the Jewish people, not at all. They were afraid they would be slaughtered again. It was also written in the scriptures that it was meant to happen. God pre-wrote everything.
I will be working on a huge project for children. Start locally, and then internationally. I went to college and took jobs to learn all about running a large corporation. So, I will not be interfering with leaders or structures. I do want to help restore them, though. Put us back into balance.
My fiancé’ also very spiritual will be helping me with collaboration while he is working, and when he can, especially when he is home and I am working on this project.
I may not be this magical unicorn who touches and heals people. But what I can do is spread God’s light out there, and help you heal yourselves.
So, please respect our privacy as far as strange phone calls or fake profiles. We mean good for humanity.
I will wait to go online live when Kev gets home, I think he knows how to get the cameras working, so you can see my DNA chart.
I thought I would have maybe five heritage traits? No, it is many. Many. Mostly from the Holy Lands.
Here is what I discovered:
Egyptian, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Armenian, Neolithic Portugal, Spain, France, German ( Am I Jewish)? Poland. Southern Han Chinese, Tuscany Italian, Colombian, Iberian, Peruvian, Mexican ( Am I Mayan?), Punjabi, Gujarati Indian, English, French, Sudanese, Saudi Arabian, Iranian, Turkey.
Famous Distant Relative
Susan Sarandon, Warren Buffett, Dr. Mehmet Oz, Queen Victoria, Napoleon Bonaparte, Empress Maria Theresa, and lastly, Nicholas Copernicus.
Like I said, I hadn’t been sleeping or eating, and all these awakenings, signs, ascensions, visions, Divine Interventions, even poltergeists, demons, angels, unexplainable events. Warnings, Supernatural.
I was born of light, and I am light. Do not hate me nor despise me. I am good. I mean good.
I wish you a good Easter, Palm Sunday. I hope we can all help get this chaos under control. And help Israel in this last cleansing of Evil. Please pray for them all.
I knew I had some interesting Ancestors, just did not know how many like this.
I have had a full day. Now, I must clean up my mess, had to throw everything on my bed so the carpet could get done. Thank you. Shalom and Amen.
Charla De Hart.
I want to write this article to reach those who experience abuse, the stalkers, the Obsessors, the psychopaths. This is not for me to re-live past attacks. No, this is for the ones who ignore their exit signs, thinking they can live through these attacks. I have been through so many, and many violent tests till I got it right. What does that mean? Well, you will not experience what I have been through. It is close to Impossible. So, you can read this and have any encounters. I have been through it all, and now, you do not have to. Here are the closures.
I have written about an experience of an attack that lasted for hours on Evans Street. Now, I will share with you the closure.
It had been years that had passed. I remembered his name. Somehow, I came across an article in the local newspaper. He went to prison for spousal abuse and lost his whole family and house.
I got this call on my work phone. I am still working as a taxi driver. It was his name on my call.
I thought about it. And I decided I needed to have closure. So, I picked up this man.
Of course, he did not recognize me. But I recognized him. He was so happy to see me, so polite. It’s my charisma. My energy. Not my looks. He was on crutches and was missing half of one of his legs. As we were driving, I slowly told a story. About my girlfriend and a house, and I gave their friend a ride. I was careful. I was cordial. I am not a raging, revengeful one, no, I am a calming, cordial one. A person who means no harm. So, after the ride, he was happy to meet me, and we bid our goodbyes. My closure, facing this attacker.
How can I face such evil? Because I can. Because I can.
This one, I did not write an article on. I did mention about a restraining order, then He had the ability to hire a high-powered female lawyer and then the charges filed, conveniently got lost between the police station and the attorney’s office. No matter. Another test. A level up.
Another ascension. This one, I had advanced from so many other attacks. I could take charge.
One of my coworkers, well, she loved money. She took this man around her finger and used him. Now,, I had known him for years, and when she wasn’t on shift, I was his driver. I never knew how much damage was done. I remember having to call another driver and grab the spare keys, knocking on the door, and letting her know that I was taking her car. And when she needed a ride, to call the office.
I got a call to pick him up. He had been drinking. He never drank alcohol. His attitude started changing, and I could also hear him panicking in his words. The alcohol took over, and he was in a panic. Almost seemed possessed. I talked to him in a calming manner. And he did not want to go to any specific place. No, he had me drive him up to the north and down into Temecula and just all over. He told me about my coworker and how much he loved her. Details unfolding. A story of truth and betrayal. He decided to go to a local motel back in town. And I could see that his demeanor was changing. Like, as if I was her, and he wanted to lash out. He had me walk him to the office, saying he was not able to walk alone. So, I did. I knew this man for years, right? Then, I walked him to his room, thinking he would be alright. He handed me his keycard and told me to open the door. I am now wondering what was going to happen.
I stood at the door, waiting to get paid for his fare. He took out everything in his pockets and all his money on the dresser. Then, he told me to come in and he would pay me.
I am thinking, “you know not to enter anyone’s place”, and I stepped in with caution.
He quickly ran around me and slammed and locked the door. I was in shock. And, in a panic.
I remember my long coat was swirling around, while I saw him locking the door.
He grabbed me and, with brute force, threw me on the bed. Got right on top of me with my wrists pinned down by his whole arms. He climbed on top with the force of his might, and the pressure down on my thighs, where my phantom pains of the “healer” had been caused.
He assaulted me without using his private area. But, yet, it was still as bad as if it were.
Now, by this time, I had had so many attacks and gone through them all..
This time, I had the control. I could leave my body and watch as a third party, removing myself from this violence. I watched this with one of my guardians. We waited till it was time to go back in and finish this.
I went back in at the right time, and he started to remove his belt. My guardian stepped into him and took over. We had a lot of practice. Not just these types of attacks, but random, coming out of the darkness. Because of who I was. So, as usual, he jumped up like a robot. And started talking about how he could show me the world, and went on, I knew it was not him anymore. The words came from my father. He walked into the bathroom and started a bath, waiting for it to get warm. That was my exit sign. Time to go. The door unlocked and flew open. Then, I head to the door to exit, and just as I step out, he wakes up. But still under control. He went over to the dresser and grabbed all his money, all wadded up. And said, “Here, this is yours.” No, I did not want to take it, like a prostitute.
It was from my guardian, so I let him give it to me, and I left.
I did not want to look at it for a while. I called the office and explained the attack, and he took his anger out on me because of my coworker. I later looked it this dirty money. It was
400 dollars. I put it away and spent it on my kids, reminding me who I am, and no one was going to destroy my spirit.
I do not have a scarlet letter “A” on my back. I have God’s mark, as his daughter.
I think, four or five years have went by. I got a call on my phone. It was him.
The confrontation and the closure were to be done.
He was standing out in front. He didn’t see who I was till he started to step in. First, he had a hesitation, then sat in front of me. He was happy to see me. And I was cordial. He wanted to go get a sub sandwich, and I took him. It wasn’t awkward for me; it was my closure. It was round-trip. He brought in his sandwich and described how good it was.
He pulled it apart with the wrapper intact and said, “Here, this is for you”.
I had to take it, just for the ending. I said, “Thank you”. And took him back home.
I left, and when I got off, I gave my sandwich to my dog.
Now, for you, my friend, whether male or female. Listen to your gut instinct. The first slap, the first bruise, and the rhetoric, “I am sorry, I will never hurt you again.”
Those words are your exit sign. Don’t ignore your intuition, trying to convince yourself, they will change. No, this is not your person. And, do not try to go all the way till the end. It is not a happy ending, and most likely, you will not survive. The things I have been through are not normal. I only survive because I am protected. And, don’t be a co-dependent, or find another of the same. Find someone who respects you and loves you for who you are, and you can be yourself, and not be kept separated from the people you love. See the signs.
Charla De Hart
April 15, 2025
About My Friend Jim
This had to be around 20005. Prior to the night Jim drove, I had my own encounter with this individual.
I had just purchased a house on my own on Meridian St. Right off Park ave. where the animal park was. The animal park was one where you could drive to and see all the exotic animals.
My job at Yellow Cab, d.b.a. Cab Christian, was the graveyard shift. 7 pm to 7am. It was long, grueling hours. I could not go home and sit inside, no, I had to stay in the taxi, when there were no calls. I remember one time, I fell asleep in a drive thru fast-food place, only to be awaken by an employee.
My position, although just a driver, I did many things. If a co-worker needed a ride to work or home, they would ask for me. If they had a date, again, it would be me that was called to pick them up. When my boss had a delivery, he would ask for me. And, if someone couldn’t find an address, and time was of the essence, the dispatch would cancel the other driver and send me out. I had a knack for finding impossible addresses. Just had the dispatcher guide me over the phone nearby, and I would find it out in the boonies, on trails of unknown. I would find the rider and get them to their destination. Then, I also was sent to when a driver was goofing off, I would be called, then I would call another driver in to meet me at the office and I would grab the spare keys, and take the taxi away from them. Forcing them to call the office in explanation.
I had a lot of personals. One was a billionaire from China. I used to drive him around from casino to casino, a fun night. He would go in and take 50k withdrawals at each one, while I sat at the bar sipping lemon water. I would be hired for the night. I met him, because his original driver from Los Angeles became tired, and drove home, and I just happened to be sitting outside the casino, waiting for calls. My best tip was 1400. This nice man would ask for me, when he was in town. So, I got to know him.
One time, the last time, it was almost time to hand over my taxi, and I was tired. He offered me a motel room at the casino for just me. I had to decline, because another driver was scheduled for my cab. He He gave me his card, and said that he wanted me to become his personal assistant. Claimed that his American wife had used him, and He just needs an assistant that would fly all over the country with him. He said I would be learning about five other languages. And he gave me his card. I hesitated at first, calling him. I couldn’t tell him my car would not make trips to Los Angeles. So, I just kept working as a taxi driver. In the meantime, I had a few other personals. One man, who recently won the lottery, out in Winchester California would hire me for on call. But, early in the evening, he was giving money away at a particular bar. The female bartender, had to sell a piece of her private clothing, for 500. I ended up getting 600. For sitting drinking a diet Coke. But I get antsy, like I have to be somewhere, and I had left. I had responsibilities and would pick him up later and give him a ride home. And, let’s add this elderly Aristocrat, wealthy and single. Living in the hills of Simpson Park. There was an evening I picked her up, and was hired for a few hours. I sat next to her as she played on the dollar machines, then she became intoxicated and started to play quarters. Then, she got up to use the restroom and I babysat her machine. She entered a dollar, or five, don’t remember, and she hit the largest jackpot and was so excited. Anyways, she claimed something about I did something, like putting her on another machine. The floor personnel came out, to verify her win. She was angry, and accused, and yelling at the top of her lungs. Security had to go run the cameras and video back and it showed I was honest, she was on the quarter machine. She got so mad and demanded to leave. I apologized to everyone there, and said she will be fine. So sorry. She got into my taxi and slammed down the ticket onto my dashboard. And I drove her home. I tried to hand her the ticket, and she said “No, that is yours”. I am looking at her, she is still angry. I didn’t earn it. Nor did I want it. It hurt my feelings. I tried again, to give it back, and she turned her back and threw a big, good day to me with her arm. My eyes were wide-eyed, thinking what just happened. I drove down the road a bit and pulled over. I called dispatch and explained what had happened. I told her if she called, let me know so I could return her ticket. She didn’t call back. So, I waited till the next evening, and drove up to her house, knocking on the door. She answered, and said, “that is for you”, I am “okay”. And wished her a lovely evening. I still felt bad inside. It kind of ruined our friendship. I think she was embarrassed of how she treated me in public and couldn’t take it back. She was an Aristocrat. I had another strange encounter with this rich couple, they had a home in a 55 and older, and another on top of the end of Meridian. For elite parties. This was pretty scary. Having me drive up into Anza, through Idyllwild, out in Palm Desert. This destination was going to be Palm Dale. They would have me drive into the dense dark forests. Oh, I was scared. We would arrive at a town. Here a town, there is a town. And have me park around the corner. My heart racing, God, get me out of this. We finally ended up in Palmdale at a laundromat. Oh, I thought it is over. There was more than laundry going on at that place I thought. Anyways, I thought they were going to pay me. And not. They wanted to go all the way back. It was 400. Trip already, and I had to go back myself. And they had my money. A whole waste of the night. I told them I want 600 upfront, and I am not moving till you pay me. So, there I sat.
Then, they paid me. I drove the straight way, all the way down the freeway. NO, traffic, I was gone in the wind, heading towards safety and headed towards home. I had this horrible stomach pain and intuition inflamed. It is going to be over soon.
Well, they hired me one night. And working the night shift was a whole other world. You would think vampires really existed. People out here have no idea what it is like. I do know what happened to this little retirement town. Everyone I grew up here at school with, basically still here. We were the older generation left.
What happened to this little retirement town. Growing up there, was okay. It ripped me away from my friends and family out in Ventura. My destiny rewired. I think I would have graduated from Buena Ventura High School. So, this little town, who everybody knew everybody. I moved there when we only had one fast food. And a seafood restaurant called The Anchor, which sometimes I would dine or dance at. First there was a bank on every corner, then pharmacies replaced the banks when I became older. The elite passed away. They were called snowbirds. Well, San Bernadino County was bankrupt and Riverside with 400,000 homes in foreclosure. Decided to sign a contract with Los Angeles and another, to release their prisoners in our area, giving the county funds for revival. They were not reformed. Not at all.
Here comes in my story, and my story about my friend, Jim
I have just purchased the house on Meridian. The time for escrow to close on time, was pushing things. So, my realtor, an acquaintance of my boyfriend’s family. My boyfriend, on a family trust, because he would spend it all till he was broke at the casino. My realtor had a daughter, and she was a broker in closing, she took my case. I took the first house I saw. Should have looked at foreclosures. The owner, who had about 10 or so collectable cars on my property, they were all removed without my permission before I took over. My loan was over 363k. It was half an acre, and on Park Hill by the animal park. The driveway was long, and behind two other homes on each side. A small house, a big barn garage, which was my twins bedroom converted. A small house with a circular driveway.
I had a lot of personals when I drove taxi for people who lived on the reservation. Some had tabs over 5k from pizza places. So, when they got paid, I drove them around while they paid off their debts.
I had many up there, and would get called in the beginning of the month, easily pay off my mortgage.
My plans, to build a bigger house in the back and a pool and convert the original one into childcare.
One evening, I was sitting up at the casno, and the security came out with a drunk Indian gangster. I knew all the security guys, and I also knew who this man was. His relatives all called me for rides. Even his mother would call for deliveries from stores, I would bring. Security struggling with this man, opened the back door and tossed him in the back and said, “ take him home”. I am looking at them wondering if they were going to forewarn me of anything, but no.
I took him up onto the reservation, and he kept laughing intoxicated, thinking he was all funny. I felt danger, as my intuition never fails. He put his hands around my neck, the started stroking my hair, laughing got louder. He would say, “turn down there”, no “turn down here”. This behavior was never ending. I knew where all his family lived. Then, finally, he had me pull into the driveway of a pink house. I am looking at it, and it seemed abandoned. I drove into the driveway anyways.
I said, “here you go now, you are home”. Laughing, he starts to mumble, he couldn’t have fun with me anymore. As he was climbing out, so intoxicated, he was stumbling about. I got out immediately and put his arm around my shoulders so he would not fall and get hurt. We walked about 30 feet to the door, and then, He flipped around and had me in a headlock. Laughing, and I knew it was on.
I anchored my feet and decided to flip him in a reverse move and got away. I ran to the car, and locked myself in. My heart was racing, with the headlights still pointing towards him. And I just watched. He laughed so hard and was almost rolling to the ground. Then, he turned around and mooned me, then faced me again. And I was just looking at him, with discernment. If he only knew what I was thinking. Had he have not been drunk, and I am in this car, with my foot on the gas. He is just a man, and I am a car. I would have drove forward and pinned him to the garage. Just a minor injury, but remember me. Then I had left.
So, the next day, I had him banned from getting any rides from the company, made sure it reached Tribal. So, the ban was in effect. So, I thought.
I am not sure how much time has passed. Wasn’t long before the horrific hours that my friend Jim had encountered this man. It may have been a holiday. I was driving down from the reservation, and onto main street, and Jim was passing by me, did a smile and a wave to me heading towards the reservation. I was the last one to see him again.
I remember bringing in food and drinks to the office because they were celebrating inside, while I was out working. It was about 3am. And the dispatcher said something about Jim. And, I heard something.
I said, “what about Jim” “who did he pick up”? oh, I was mad. My body vibrating with energy. She said he picked up this man I had banned. And I hadn’t heard from him for hours. I was thinking, how could this be? I was the one always sent out to take away the taxis, when drivers didn’t respond. She gave him the call, knowing it was Jim’s first night. He worked for a long time. She thought maybe since he was having troubles with his girlfriend, that he wouldn’t answer. I knew Sbetter. I stopped working, no more calls. I was on the hunt for Jim, and I was determined to find him. I think I drove to his place at least 3 times. Drove through all the parking lots, and dumpsters, motels, restaurants. Returned to them over and over, searching for Jim. This sickening feeling, knowing quite well, where he waa, yet, knowing who had him, I just prayed they would release him after some torture. It was almost 7 am and I was supposed to start cleaning up my car, and turning it in, but I just couldn’t give up. It was my friend, Jim.
The bitterness over it all that I had felt. I did a one last return to where the man was originally picked up. A motel in town, and next to it. A retail fixer store. And then, I saw it. I saw his car. Driver side door opened, I parked and ran over there. I used my shirt to open the door wider. His work phone, his wallet, his cell phone and everything still there. Then, I opened the door of the back again with my shirt. And looked in. I could see a story before me. There was a casing on the seat, that used to hold a six pack, and a few empty cans on the seat and floor. Cigarette ashes flung about on the seat, and I looked down, and saw a bullet caseing. This is bad. This is real bad I thought. This man got mad at Jim about something, intoxicated, and flung his cigarette across.
I had to call the police and dispatch. Tell the office what I saw, and that to put the day driver in another car, that I would be here a while.
The sheriff cannot go onto the reservation, especially just on intuition. They found Jim out there on a quarry. Sodomized and executed. Jim lived for hours, yet, the freezing cold, he could no longer feel pain, and fell asleep in the cold. It had to take at least two, to bring back the taxi. One to drive it out there, and one to follow. I only think the murderer was charged. So, that is my story about my friend, Jim. He now, has angels wrapping their arms around him.
Because of the murder of Jim, I no longer had personals from the reservation. I think there was a ban in place for at least one year. My house on the other hand. Well, just bad luck. My income cut more than half, and then my boyfriend caught twice, breaking into my safe, taking my mortgage payments. My home owner insurance needed renewal, and they sent notices to an old address. It should have been included in the mortgage, especially in California, what I understand. Then, my mortgage kept getting sold and resold. I didn’t know who my Mortgage lender was. It was a hot mess. One night on shift, I picked up a future attacker, from another reservation, and I had to stop home really quickly. He only lived a few blocks away. I will write about him in another story, article. But, this one will show you that it wasn’t bad, there, was actually good closure.
So, Everything was spiraling down. And then, my kids’ room, the barnhouse, their friend, Skyler, flicked a cigarette into their clothes, thinking it was out. We watched the barn burn down. Then winter had come, and having the insurance canceled not knowing yet, the water pipes underneath the circular driveway, and you could hear the water running. I was another foreclosure. My hose, whixh I bought for 363k sold and boufht i think by the original seller for 160 k. May have been the neighbor or reaItor. Someone related when I purchased. Ended up buying it. I have the pictures of the taxis parked up at the casino. Since I could not locate them, had to throw up a generic one.
Charla De Hart
April 13, 2025
I told my boyfriend the other day that when I got off work, I would play at our Blackjack tables. First, I would go pick out clothes up the street I liked, and would put them on Layaway. Then, when I got off work. I would play blackjack. I would use the mindset as “beat the dealer” instead of trying to get “21. And, I played wild. It was at a Casino Called Casino West. I started as a dishwasher and worked my way up to Manager in Training.
It still didn’t make enough to afford clothes, so I would play a few minutes of Blackjack before going home for the day.
I played so wild, I would hit two high cards equaling a “10” each and hit with an Ace.
I don’t count cards, although I do love math; no, I use picture memory and intuition.
One evening, not paying attention to how many hands I had just played. I remember the bosses came out to watch. Instead of the camera view. My co-worker said, “ Do you know you just beat me 22 straight hands”? I laughed, cashed out. The next day, I got my clothes out from Layaway. I had moved away. And the last time I saw a table was the minimum. The bet was too high for me to play, so I got into keno machines. Especially since I love numbers. So, I always play two sets of different numbers. Once, got 10 out of 10. And then, many times, 8 out of 10.
I figured out that after getting 7 out of 10, then after it still goes to cash out, because it wouldn’t hit. So when I go out, which is very rare, Utah has no games, then I get to go play.
I told my boyfriend the other day that when I got off work, I would play at our Blackjack tables. First, I would go pick out clothes up the street I liked, and would put them on Layaway. Then, when I got off work. I would play blackjack. I would use the mindset as “beat the dealer” instead of trying to get “21. And, I played wild. It was at a Casino Called Casino West. I started as a dishwasher and worked my way up to Manager in Training.
It still didn’t make enough to afford clothes, so I would play a few minutes of Blackjack before going home for the day.
I played so wild, I would hit two high cards equaling a “10” each and hit with an Ace.
I don’t count cards, although I do love math; no, I use picture memory and intuition.
One evening, not paying attention to how many hands I had just played. I remember the bosses came out to watch. Instead of the camera view. My co-worker said, “ Do you know you just beat me 22 straight hands”? I laughed, cashed out. The next day, I got my clothes out from Layaway. I had moved away. And the last time I saw a table was the minimum. The bet was too high for me to play, so I got into keno machines. Especially since I love numbers. So, I always play two sets of different numbers. Once, got 10 out of 10. And then, many times, 8 out of 10.
I figured out that after getting 7 out of 10, then after it still goes to cash out, because it wouldn’t hit. So when I go out, which is very rare, Utah has no games, then I get to go play.
(Yes, Plural) April 5, 2025 Author: Charla De Hart, True Story.
So, I have written different posts about the Tarzan Mansion.
I have many. So this is one of the them.
I don’t remember where I got a number to call random people for dating. I called it, and it seemed like it was more of targeting lonely people. So, I was listening and my oldest daughter came in and was hearing these calls. It was some type of rotator where you could press # and then someone else comes on and says hello.
I was thinking about maybe I would like to purchase such a business.
Now, of Course, it costs 2.00 per minute. So, made the experiment short. I researched how to have my own running.
Well, that did not go well. I worked a lot, and I didn’t think about calling the phone company and block usage.. Anyways, I ended up with a $5000.00 phone bill. I called them a few times, and explained that my 15 yr. old had no idea that it cost $2.00 per minute. So, phone goes off.
I did not get this house because of money. I did not have any.
My realtor owned it with some of his colleagues. And he was a bit smitten. Of course, married. But, something about my charisma and looks, I could get whatever. Still shy. And believe in truth.
I worked the graveyard out in Lake Elsinore, at the casino.
I was a “Chip Runner” and I worked the poker room. I also took turns working the cage. Employees working there, mostly the Black Jack Dealers and Floor personnel, had private money accounts. Like a bank, so I took care of their accounts and traded chips for money.
As soon as a regular came in, I would have their drink to their table.
It could have been hot chocolate. I also ordered their food. Then I would go to my pit boss, and have the ticket written off. So, whatever the tab was, I got tipped, plus more.
One day, I tripped on the floor, and Instead of just stumbling, I flew over the food cleaning cart and did a summer salt after flipping over. Then, immediately stood up. I cannot believe no one saw that. I limped about the rest of the evening. We had little maids, forget what we called them. But they cleaned the room, picked up the dishes, ash trays etc, Very soon, I was doing everything, and then, we no longer needed them. They changed our duties to clean also.
One night, my realtor/landlord came in with some of his associates. They went in to the restaurant, to eat, drink and discuss business.
So, I didn’t see him for a while. He was leaving and brought his associates into the poker room where I was working;
He introduced them to me, and I started blushing on the floor, and nowhere to escape. He came up to me and got onto his knees, grabbed my hand, and said how beautiful I was. I wanted to crawl in a hole somewhere. It’s my job and having that happened with everyone looking, just wanted to disappear.
Mornings, I would either bring donuts home from work, and stop at the real dairy and grab a couple gallons of fresh milk for my kids.
My kids hate doing choirs. They like to start fights knowing I would give up, send them out to play, and I could get it done by myself in less than an hour.
My eldest walked into town. The house was one mile high onto the property with a big gate.
She came back with a man. He was just admired by the house.
He said he could keep it clean. Obviously, my daughter had some kind of conversation about cleaning.
He seemed harmless. A tall, long, linky man, that looks like he never eats. And dark hair, with a hat that kind of looked like a baseball style, but not.
So, I offered $5 per hour, and he said he would do it for free.
Bob, was a bit strange. He said later on, it was late at night when I had to get ready for work. Said I had dead people, angels and some other whatever there. I didn’t see any poltergeist. So, I ignored his weirdness. One night, before shift, I woke up before my alarm went off, and he was sweeping in my room, in the dark. I made the patio room with the massive fireplace so I could see the city lights.
Bob, would just wander about, day and night, never leaving. I would have to send him home. I knew he did cleaning at the gas station and wanted to go there and talk to him. Only to find that he lived in his car behind the station and woud also sweep for them too.
Unnerving, to find out. What have I gotten into?
Anyways, I put up with his bizarre behavior, such as these dead people want to talk to me?
One night, I had just got out of the shower. Now, above the house on the mountain, was an Olympic sized pool, and a 12x12 water storage when the water has to pump up to this storage, and the pump, was ½ a mile below the the house down the road.
I sent my daughter to turn on the pump, sometimes she would forget, or sometimes we filled the entire pool to swim.
Standing at the edge of the pool looking down, it was so huge and a bit spooky because it was so deep. There were dressing rooms up there, and missing toilets, so we didn’t use them.
I ended up with a huge water bill. Of course.
Anyways, I believe it was the last shower that I had to take that would have rabbit fur and snakeskin in it. Sometimes, they would fall into the storage tank.
My last shower of fur, I saw this BOB, in my house late at night, I told him he needs to go home now, because I had to leave.
He said some off the wall stuff. And we got into an argument about he needs to go. And then, he said something about seeing my birthmark.
I don’t even see my birthmark. It’s like below where you can’t even see in a mirror on the back side. Soon as he said that, I fired him.
He also said something weird to me. He said, “You know, I could kidnap one of your kids, anytime”.
Now, with him gone. One day, my youngest at the time, was not feeling well. I gave her cool baths, an Tylenol to keep the fever down.
On an afternoon, I left her taking a nap in the livingroom on a blanket, with a pillow. She seemed tired, so I let her rest.
Four hours later, I was concerned. So I went in there, and her back was to me, calling “mama”, over and over. I kept calling her as I was approaching, and she wasn’t turning around. I grabbed her, checked her head, gave her Tylenol, and headed to the E.R.
She was deaf. Couldn’t hear. And taking her home, I started giving her Ice baths, and cool baths. I would wet wash cloths and put one on her head, her neck, and her tummy. It helped and she got better, but no hearing.
One day, I saw the electric company over by the water pump. And I went into my room with binoculars to see what was going on.
Because the pump got shut off due to a huge water bill, it gave notice to the electric company. Then, they left.
I had been getting water in town, for drinking water and everything else. About 40 gallons of water. Then, I got a bill from the electric company. And a letter.
It said, that the electric was running backwards. I remember meeting the private electric company that worked on the electric and then also my landlord, kept saying, ‘Keep all the lights on”, like that place was lit up over the city.
I had to make payment arrangements for a $1800 bill.
The kids and I, would go hiking on the property together. The barn alone, you needed to drive to. But we would hike the whole property.
There were 13 hawks. And then a den of coyotes. I could hear them on the other side of the gate under a tree, and maybe a den or cave.
I love rocks, and I would go looking for them. I found ones with real gold. It was a lot of fun.
I carried a machete, and we had a dog that was such a protector.. Sam, she was great.
A Dalmatian. And, if a rattler was too close, she would grab it and shake it till it was dead.
We had two small Pomeranians also, a cute little couple. Ginger, and Brownie. Brownie was so smart too.
A few times, the kids would be trapped by a rattler. One by the maid’s room and then one time, my eldest climbed up onto the car and I had to go rescue her. Used my machete. In the meantime, we needed to get water.
It was late, and I was off, just before dark. I was walking up the property, and there, two feet from me, was a rattle snake. So, I just stood still. It was either me or the snake. I didn’t think I had the machete. The snake finally slithered down the mountain side. Later, we drove down the mountain to get water, and accidentally ran over that very snake.
One evening, Ginger was missing, and we went off calling her.
Sam, found her little body. She had been mistaken for a rabbit and a hawk let her drop. We had brought her in, and Brownie just cried, with tears. It was sad. Our dog Brownie, would no longer go outside, and started using the toilet. Yes, a dog used the toilet.
So, we had to make trips for water. And got our water at the very station, Bob was at, and he saw us. We were polite, and then we left.
The next morning, our water supply was missing. Now, at one point, two of my teens took our little station wagon, down the road to use the phone, and they rolled down the cliff. My eldest son, with bumps on his head, afraid to tell me what happened. I went down the mountain with a flashlight, and there was the car, and it rolled many times. The lights and the radio still on, so I shut them off. I had the car towed back up in a day or two, The passenger side door, didn’t close and had to tie it with a rope.
I don’t remember what happened to it, maybe had it towed away.
My father bought us a van. One time, my daughter took it, and got it stuck into the cliff. She was screaming, a big yellow and white snake was there and she ended up getting stuck. I worked nights, so they took the cars a lot. So, of course I hiked down there to get the van. I believe the battery was missing. You are talking about being a ½ mile into the property. So, I had to hike down.. I got the van unstuck and brought it back up. Besides my job, I sold at the swap meets.
We had gotten water again and went to sleep. Bob, showed up, and some how had my car keys. And, he threw them down the mountainside. I had to call the Sherriff. They showed up and tried to help me find my keys, then got Bob to find them. I got them back and the sheriff left.
The next day or so, not only was our water gone, but so was our van. It was parked down the ravine by the water pump. The battery was gone, and wires cut. It sat there for a few months. Then, I kept getting notices from the city, saying it was an “eye sore”. Now, it was a ½ onto the property behind the gate. And I had left the gate open, and they came onto the property and was towing our van away. I was hiking down there to get the mail and saw them. I ran and hung onto the tow truck begging not to take it.
I had to have employees at work, when I switched to swing shift.
And security would fight over who got to take me home. Crushes.
Not me, I kept my work and private life separate. One time, we had wall to wall food, and I bought the kids McDonald’s. and my youngest son, wanted McDonald’s again, and I had to say no.
So, the next day, he told his school that we shoot animals to eat and then of course the sheriff came up. He saw the wall to wall food, the huge, commercial refrigerator full. We had a commercial kitchen and a huge stove. He talked to me for a while then left, laughing.
I had to pay for towing and a battery and repairs on the wires.
Well, I didn’t have a ride one day, and walked down to use the payphone. Of course, Bob was there. And of course he approached me. So, he offered me a way to get water. I remember him opening his trunk, And, guess what was inside. Clear baggies of me and my kids, clothes, and hair clippings. My undwear. Oh, made me sick.
So, I decided to rent a U-Haul. Brought up the water.
I couldn’t take it anymore. The high bills, debt, and a stocker psychopath.
I paid the van, and got it home, we moved down into town, hoping he would not find us. But he did. First, our dog Brownie got stolen at the new house, we knew who did after a while, because one of my kids saw him. We had been hanging flyers all over. She saw him and then the dog kidnapper wanted a few hundred dollars. She followed him. I called the sheriff’s a few times, and I could hear him barking in the house. They wouldn’t help. Then, a few weeks later, we no longer heard him barking for us.
My kids rode the bus, and apparently, Bob saw them get off and walk home.
Later, we got a new dog, Wolf. He looked like a Wolf.
I was working the night shift, and Bob, went to my house to scare the kids. He was knocking at the door, asking my eldest son, “ Are you ready for your spanking”, My dog, not sure how he got out, opened the door, and jumped full force on Bob, knocked him to the ground, and grabbed him by the throat. And, he ran away.
My kids are a bit mischief. They would get the second youngest, to slide under my bed and reach my wallet under my pillow.
They did that. And, one day, they headed off a Kmart to go shopping. On the way, there was a little shack, for farmer western fairs. Walking by, it had a foul smell. Inside was a dead man.
They came home to tell me. I found out they went shopping first, then came home, I had my van back. And took them with me, told them to stay back. These two scraggly girls in a beat up car pulls up to me, and says “can I help You”? said, “There’s no one there”, and that was bizarre. They drove off, and the stench, stayed in my nostrils. Infact when I drive with my windows down in the summer, I get that smell in my nose, passing bridges. Cannot forget that smell.
Things were getting better. One summer evening, I had just made a nice bbq dinner for the kids. They were outside playing. Everyone came in, except for my deaf daughter. We searched everywhere. I called the Sheriff. Hours went by, and I drove behind the gas station. I had that bad feeling. There was Bob, the sheriff looked all over town for him. But I found him. And he had his arm over his seat like he was holding something down.
After talking to him, I was heartbroken. There waa barely any light left.
And I was standing out front, and squinting my eyes, blurry with tears, My daughter was walking towards me all frightened.
I held her in my arms, and kept trying to ask where have you been?
She kept pointing and trying to talk. So I took her in the car, and we drove. She took me behind the gas station and pointed to Bob. He saw us and was grinning and friendly, and my daughter started crying. We left. The clothes she disappeared in, were not on her.
She had clothes that were too small, and she had outgrown. And ripped little stockings.
So, we moved back to our hometown, to get to a safe place.
A couple years go by and my eldest son, who Bob frightened with a knife at our house, was walking across the street, wearing a hoodie jacket. We were crossing the opposite side of and heading right towards him and had to walk around. My son did not tell me it was Bob, till later. That is how scared he was. This is my story about BOB. And, I also forgot the time after the van was repaired, and I was at work, he had did something to the fuel. So, one day after work, I stopped for some groceries, and the engine caught fire. All the groceries were burned, the fire got so bad, it blew out the windows, and the van got towed away by a tow truck driver. The fire department couldn't contain it. Anyways, I needed to insert this into the story because, that was the end of that van..
This #TellMeAStory
It’s origins of this chapter had started taken place, at the Victoria Ave. house. The time when I could no longer walk, and was rehabilitating myself. I went from being able to go out into the World, and creating an online outlet of my abilities, and opening a creative outlet, which, if I had ever taken the time to do so before, not have explored this creativity because of a constant job, or belonging outside of my home
I had already been recuperating downstairs for a while.
I was now able to make it upstairs to my room. But, worked in my office downstairs.
Managed to design my own dating website, yet, without being able to afford paid advertising, I joined a random one online. Who knows what my profile had said about me? Especially since I am all into Medieval Times. The knight who rescues the fair maiden.
Then, of course, having to throw Magical Merlin, a healer of all sorts, may have attracted this man. I had spinal injuries, so why not ask a magician?
Small chat from the beginning. Then, later, this healer wanted to help out. He did not match his profile, no, he did not. Get him to California, learn a little bit of healing and understanding, on how I could heal by myself. Doctors couldn’t help me. I had recuperated at home from the beginning. So, scarring over injuries, had already begun.
He traveled from Michigan, and I had picked him up in Las Vegas. He had this bit, musky smell like a faint mildew. He wore eyeglasses, then when he took them off, A Clark Kent in disguise. Piercing blue eyes, Hair length just to the shoulders, and wore a green long-coat army jacket. Years ago, I found Dungeons and Dragons role-playing, fascinating.. What a fun game. There were a couple from a church in Nevada who played. I stopped playing because the husband, started focusing on me, and not my pretend character. I do not interfere with relationships, so I no longer do.
This magician, a healer, reminded me of A FINAL FANTASY character. Kind of like a bunch of rag-tag muffin crew, that went on adventures together. I could play that by myself.
He reminded me of my first husband, except he had long black hair to his buttocks. He was a bad obsessed person, yet I will write about this one here.
Either, I was not getting a clear perception in the beginning, or in total denial. My focus was to fix the bodily affairs.
I mentioned earlier about the house on Victoria Ave. My whole room was upstairs. My kids would fall in their areas, only to find them dog-piled on top of me in the morning. We were all that close. A bond, no one else had.
First, he built this heavy make-shift door. Not letting my children in, stopping the dog pile ritual we had. So, if I haven’t mentioned this in my story before, I have to fill in the blanks as I tell my story.
I don’t believe I took on the casino job up at Morongo, till we relocated to Fisher St. Perris, California.
Anyways, I would work, yet, I hold his hand, to take him into a job interview. Just utter ridiculousness. He would lock my kids out and have me lie down, then rub energy between his hands. You could feel it, not just warmth, the energy. Then, I could proceed my duties throughout the day.
One time, my father gave me his white pickup collectible that he kept for years. In fact, I would use his truck to trim his trees and haul trash for him throughout the years. He had a long trailer, in which we could add tall walls. It was actually for hauling cars and restorations.
Well, this magician, one day, placed the camper shell on top, forgetting to lock down the latches. I had to go to work at the Casino. So, my eldest son came with me to drop me off at work. I wanted him to be the responsible one in the family, incase something would happen to me. So, on the way to work, the camper shell flew off on the freeway, and broke into many pieces.
My kids did not tell me enough to find a way out of this magician’s grasp. I think things were escalating without my knowledge.
I came home one day, and heard that when my youngest daughter who was walking home from school, this magician tried to meet her. Well, my second youngest daughter ran through the streets finding them and grabbed my daughter’s hand away from him.
She is a very tiny, small, and petite thing. He knocked her down, and she hit her head on the concrete. And he began to beat her.
I came home, and found out at least a partial of the story. Of course, I was off work for a few days. I could not go get help. We were in clear and present danger. I had to think, use my mind. Keeping him calm and not being able to let my kids know what I am doing. They won’t listen today. I see things at a higher perspective. I had no time to explain.
I confronted him about installing spyware on my computer. My computer was next to his. I had to be careful to what I was to say. But I had to plant this seed, that there are many reasons why this can no longer work out. Because the next day, I would make an offer to send him back to Michigan.
It was a “normal” evening, with the kids locked out of their mother. It was best. Keep them away from this. So, eventually, we went to sleep. Knowing I wauld have faced evil and taken off the sheep’s clothes.
It was about 3 am in the morning. My angels are watching. I woke up, and wanted to use the restroom and needed something to drink. I had to drink tap water, not to wake him up.
So I am at the sink, washing my face, and filling a glass to drink.
And, to my right side, was something forming. Almost looked like when you would be in a desert and see a vision of wind and heat bending.
I am watching this thing from. It looked like 3 electrical wires, like pewter-type metal. And on each electrical wire growing, looked like little zipper teeth. I started getting scared, of course, and amazed at the same time. So as this 3 lines, spinning so fast, closed, it looked like 6 lines. Spinning, spinning. These lines grew all the way to the ceiling. Then, it started opening. At first, I thought, they were coming to get me, that I had did something so bad.
No, I didn’t do that.
A doorway was opening, some could say a portal. I wanted to. I knew what was coming through was not at all bad. But a flash, thought. My kids are out there with a monster. Sprawled about the house in their beds. I would forever reqret walking through with the one that was coming to get me.
The bathroom lights, emitted unusual brightness. I decided I was to stay.
So, I put my head down, and slowly spinned myself towards the bathroom door, opened it, walked out, and closed it.
I had climbed back in bed, Frozen, and went back to sleep, telling no one.
The morning was a bit dreadful, and I could hear birds making an unusual amount of noise outside. Like trying to get my attention. I looked out the window, and it was nice and sunny.
I am thinking to myself. Okay, so it will not be so bad. I will confront him now.
So, I said to him in a kind voice that it is time for you to go back home. My kids (older ones), will come and pick you up, and fly you anywhere you want. (just not here, I thought to myself).
Well, he didn’t like it. He did not like what I was saying. Even in kindness. Not a chance.
He said that old cliché. “If I cannot have you, nobody can”. Can I call him a curse word now?
Well, I will do that silently then.
He threw me down on my bed. Leaping on top of me. I still have phantom pain once in a while on top of my thighs. And began the beating.
He put his hands around my neck and proceeded to take my life.
You have to understand, that we were not alone in there. Then, when that didn’t work, he grabbed my pillow and proceeded to smother me. All I kept thinking, was that my kids were next.
I could hear one of my kids outside the window, and some at the door, trying to get in, screaming my name.
It was at that moment, this is it. It will be final. Down to my last breath.
And, I thought, God, I need your help right now. So, I said, "Help me, lord".
I was about to pass out. Don’t know how it happened. My head turned gently, and I could catch a bit of air.
I said, “I love you.” .. What? It did not come from me.. No way. But those words came from my very mouth. Those three words that are so sacred to me. How?
He stopped and slowly stood up. like in a robotic movement. I could barely see, between the mattress and the pillow, still on my head. Then, He leaped backwards. almost jumped away. I am seeing this, and it didn't seem like it was him anymore, like something took over him. And, his attitude, like so bizarre, as if he wasn’t just trying to end my life, was gone, just gone. I can’t even explain what I was seeing. I needed some kind of eyeglasses to see.
He even extended his arms and stood me up.. I was like a rag doll. I couldn’t catch my breath. My throat was so closed. And I was gasping for air. I couldn’t even talk. My words were all choked up. Then, trying to breathe, talk, I was standing bent over. And,
I threw up, puking, and urinated all over myself. I was a hot mess and had drool just running from my mouth.
He acted like nothing that had just happened had happened. And, he started a shower. At least I could shower alone without him. As I was dipping my hair and my face in the water, there was a firm hand, then a few pats. My guardian was here.
I still had to get help. So, that was a very long day. Not, until tomorrow, could I escape. I had work.
I didn’t go to work. I went to the Sheriff’s station. Told them everything. I was even a male, then a detective. It was’t going to be a he said, she said story, not this time.
They took pictures. Big hand prints around my neck. Bruises all over my arms, legs, and everywhere. They went to my house, and arrested him.
I did not have to continue torture and have to attend court, and relive this. No, not at all. So, he was in prison for just over a year.
He went away to prison for attempted murder, yet, how on earth was he let go?
I got a call from the local sheriff that in the evening, he would be released. I could not wrap my mind around this. I stayed up late, then fell asleep.
It was about 5 am, I could feel cold air in my room, so I get up and walk down the hall into the livingroom. My nightmare standing before me. He was a wolf in sheep's clothing again.
He says, “I am sorry, I have been walking for miles all night, and I have nowhere to go till daylight”.
I don’t have to be a mathematician, to figure that was not true.
Daylight took such a long time. My kids waking up and seeing me sitting in a chair in the livingroom with this monster. I looked at one of them and nodded my head, and they took off running to the neighbor's houses. They managed to call the older siblings. My eldest and her boyfriend showed up. They came into the door, and had him come outside. “it’s okay mom, we will take care of it”.
They did, I think they took him to a bus, and made sure, he got on it, and watched him go.
This story, I will include it in a zip file that you can download. Domestic Violence, the Obsessed, and the Stockers. A red flag should not be ignored.
I don’t care if you have to walk out with just the clothes off your backs. Walk out, and never look back.
I have many things to tell. This is one of my stories. Fact, and not fictional.
Charla De Hart
April 4, 2025
The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.[d][e] The 80 books of the King James Version [4] include 39 books of the Old Testament, 14 books of Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament.
Noted for its "majesty of style", the King James Version has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English-speaking world.[5][6] The King James Version remains the preferred translation of many Protestant Christians, and is considered the only valid one by some Evangelicals. It is considered one of the important literary accomplishments of early modern England.
The KJV was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible (1568).[7] In Switzerland the first generation of Protestant Reformers had produced the Geneva Bible[8] which was published in 1560[9] having referred to the original Hebrew and Greek scriptures, and which was influential in the writing of the Authorized King James Version.
The English Church initially used the officially sanctioned "Bishops' Bible", which was hardly used by the population. More popular was the named "Geneva Bible", which was created on the basis of the Tyndale translation in Geneva under the direct successor of the reformer John Calvin for his English followers. However, their footnotes represented a Calvinistic Puritanism that was too radical for James. The translators of the Geneva Bible had translated the word king as tyrant about four hundred times, while the word only appears three times in the KJV. Because of this, some have claimed that King James purposely had the translators omit the word, though there is no evidence to support this claim. As the word "tyrant" has no equivalent in ancient Hebrew, there is no case where the translation would be required.
James convened the Hampton Court Conference in January 1604, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans,[10] a faction of the Church of England.[11] James gave translators instructions intended to ensure the new version would conform to the ecclesiology, and reflect the episcopal structure, of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy.[12][13] In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings, and as such was authorized by an Act of Parliament.[14]
By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the only English translation used in Anglican and other English Protestant churches, except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Over the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century, this version of the Bible had become the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769, and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualified title "King James Version" usually indicates this Oxford standard text.
Name[edit]
John Speed's Genealogies recorded in the Sacred Scriptures (1611), bound into first King James Bible in quarto size (1612)
The title of the first edition of the translation, in Early Modern English, was "THE HOLY BIBLE, Conteyning the Old Teſtament, AND THE NEW: Newly Tranſlated out of the Originall tongues: & with the former Tranſlations diligently compared and reuiſed, by his Maiesties ſpeciall Cõmandement". The title page carries the words "Appointed to be read in Churches",[15] and F. F. Bruce suggests it was "probably authorised by order in council", but no record of the authorisation survives "because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19".[16]
For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as "the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James".[17] A 1761 "Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English" refers to the 1611 version merely as "a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation", despite referring to the Great Bible by its name, and despite using the name "Rhemish Testament" for the Douay–Rheims Bible version.[18] Similarly, a "History of England", whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that "[a] new translation of the Bible, viz., that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611".[19]
King James's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation (on a par with the Genevan Bible or the Rhemish Testament) in Charles Butler's Horae Biblicae (first published 1797).[20] Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic: it is found both in a "historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible" published in Massachusetts in 1815[21] and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is "generally known by the name of King James's Bible".[22] This name was also found as King James' Bible (without the final "s"): for example in a book review from 1811.[23] The phrase "King James's Bible" is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description.[24]
The use of Authorized Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814.[25] For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as "our present, and only publicly authorised version" (1783),[26] "our Authorized version" (1731,[27] 1792[28]) and "the authorized version" (1801, uncapitalized)[29] are found. A more common appellation in the 17th and 18th centuries was "our English translation" or "our English version", as can be seen by searching one or other of the major online archives of printed books. In Britain, the 1611 translation is generally known as the "Authorized Version" today. The term is somewhat of a misnomer because the text itself was never formally "authorized", nor were English parish churches ever ordered to procure copies of it.[30]
King James' Version, evidently a descriptive phrase, is found being used as early as 1814.[31] "The King James Version" is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855.[32] The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source.[33] In the United States, the "1611 translation" (actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below) is generally known as the King James Version today.
The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.[d][e] The 80 books of the King James Version [4] include 39 books of the Old Testament, 14 books of Apocrypha, and the 27 books of the New Testament.
Noted for its "majesty of style", the King James Version has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English-speaking world.[5][6] The King James Version remains the preferred translation of many Protestant Christians, and is considered the only valid one by some Evangelicals. It is considered one of the important literary accomplishments of early modern England.
The KJV was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities: The first had been the Great Bible (1535), and the second had been the Bishops' Bible (1568).[7] In Switzerland the first generation of Protestant Reformers had produced the Geneva Bible[8] which was published in 1560[9] having referred to the original Hebrew and Greek scriptures, and which was influential in the writing of the Authorized King James Version.
The English Church initially used the officially sanctioned "Bishops' Bible", which was hardly used by the population. More popular was the named "Geneva Bible", which was created on the basis of the Tyndale translation in Geneva under the direct successor of the reformer John Calvin for his English followers. However, their footnotes represented a Calvinistic Puritanism that was too radical for James. The translators of the Geneva Bible had translated the word king as tyrant about four hundred times, while the word only appears three times in the KJV. Because of this, some have claimed that King James purposely had the translators omit the word, though there is no evidence to support this claim. As the word "tyrant" has no equivalent in ancient Hebrew, there is no case where the translation would be required.
James convened the Hampton Court Conference in January 1604, where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans,[10] a faction of the Church of England.[11] James gave translators instructions intended to ensure the new version would conform to the ecclesiology, and reflect the episcopal structure, of the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy.[12][13] In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings, and as such was authorized by an Act of Parliament.[14]
By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the only English translation used in Anglican and other English Protestant churches, except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England. Over the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century, this version of the Bible had become the most widely printed book in history, almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769, and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha. Today the unqualified title "King James Version" usually indicates this Oxford standard text.
Name[edit]
John Speed's Genealogies recorded in the Sacred Scriptures (1611), bound into first King James Bible in quarto size (1612)
The title of the first edition of the translation, in Early Modern English, was "THE HOLY BIBLE, Conteyning the Old Teſtament, AND THE NEW: Newly Tranſlated out of the Originall tongues: & with the former Tranſlations diligently compared and reuiſed, by his Maiesties ſpeciall Cõmandement". The title page carries the words "Appointed to be read in Churches",[15] and F. F. Bruce suggests it was "probably authorised by order in council", but no record of the authorisation survives "because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19".[16]
For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as "the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James".[17] A 1761 "Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English" refers to the 1611 version merely as "a new, compleat, and more accurate Translation", despite referring to the Great Bible by its name, and despite using the name "Rhemish Testament" for the Douay–Rheims Bible version.[18] Similarly, a "History of England", whose fifth edition was published in 1775, writes merely that "[a] new translation of the Bible, viz., that now in Use, was begun in 1607, and published in 1611".[19]
King James's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation (on a par with the Genevan Bible or the Rhemish Testament) in Charles Butler's Horae Biblicae (first published 1797).[20] Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic: it is found both in a "historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible" published in Massachusetts in 1815[21] and in an English publication from 1818, which explicitly states that the 1611 version is "generally known by the name of King James's Bible".[22] This name was also found as King James' Bible (without the final "s"): for example in a book review from 1811.[23] The phrase "King James's Bible" is used as far back as 1715, although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description.[24]
The use of Authorized Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814.[25] For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as "our present, and only publicly authorised version" (1783),[26] "our Authorized version" (1731,[27] 1792[28]) and "the authorized version" (1801, uncapitalized)[29] are found. A more common appellation in the 17th and 18th centuries was "our English translation" or "our English version", as can be seen by searching one or other of the major online archives of printed books. In Britain, the 1611 translation is generally known as the "Authorized Version" today. The term is somewhat of a misnomer because the text itself was never formally "authorized", nor were English parish churches ever ordered to procure copies of it.[30]
King James' Version, evidently a descriptive phrase, is found being used as early as 1814.[31] "The King James Version" is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855.[32] The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source.[33] In the United States, the "1611 translation" (actually editions following the standard text of 1769, see below) is generally known as the King James Version today.
History[edit]Earlier English translations[edit]
See also: English translations of the Bible
There were several translations into Middle English of large portions of Scriptures in the 14th Century, with the first complete bibles probably being made by the followers of John Wycliffe. These translations were effectively but not formally banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards.[34] The Wycliffite Bibles pre-dated the printing press but were circulated very widely in manuscript form.
William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525.
In 1525, William Tyndale, an English contemporary of Martin Luther, undertook a translation of the New Testament into Early Modern English.[35] Tyndale's translation was the first printed Bible in English. Over the next ten years, Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship, and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament.[36] Despite some controversial translation choices, and in spite of Tyndale's execution on charges of heresy for being a Lutheran,[37] the merits of Tyndale's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English.[38]
With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale to remove offensive notes, in 1539, Tyndale's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible. This was the first "authorised version" issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII.[7] When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553, she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country,[39] some establishing an English-speaking community in the Protestant city of Geneva. Under the leadership of John Calvin, Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship.[40]
These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible.[41] This translation, dated to 1560, was a revision of Tyndale's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages.[42] Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558, problems with both the Great and Geneva Bibles (namely, that the latter did not "conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy") became apparent to church authorities.[43] In 1568, the Church of England responded with the Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version.[44]
While officially approved, this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age, in part because the full Bible was printed only in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds.[45] Accordingly, Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version, as small editions were available at a relatively low cost. At the same time, there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay–Rheims New Testament of 1582, undertaken by exiled Catholics. This translation, though still derived from Tyndale, claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate.[46]
In May 1601, King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at Saint Columba's Church in Burntisland, Fife, at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English.[47] Two years later, he ascended to the throne of England as James I.[48]
Considerations for a new version[edit]
The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England. Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles:
First, Galatians iv. 25 (from the Bishops' Bible). The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is, bordereth neither expressing the force of the word, nor the apostle's sense, nor the situation of the place. Secondly, psalm cv. 28 (from the Great Bible), 'They were not obedient;' the original being, 'They were not disobedient.' Thirdly, psalm cvi. 30 (also from the Great Bible), 'Then stood up Phinees and prayed,' the Hebrew hath, 'executed judgment.'[49]
Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to use formal equivalence and limit the Puritan influence on this new translation. The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes (which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible).[12] King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy:[50] Exodus 1:19, where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives, and also II Chronicles 15:16, where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous 'mother', Queen Maachah (Maachah had actually been Asa's grandmother, but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary, Queen of Scots).[50]
Further, the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England.[12] Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church.[12] For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word "church" were to be retained and not to be translated as "congregation".[12] The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy.[12]
The source material for the translation of the New Testament was the Textus Receptus version of the Greek compiled by Erasmus; for the Old Testament, the Masoretic text of the Hebrew was used; for some of the apocrypha, the Septuagint Greek text was used, or for apocrypha for which the Greek was unavailable, the Vulgate Latin.
James' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers. The text of the Bishops' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained. If the Bishops' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation, the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list: the Tyndale Bible, the Coverdale Bible, Matthew's Bible, the Great Bible, and the Geneva Bible. In addition, later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay–Rheims Bible.[51]
It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been "translated out of the original tongues, and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by His Majesty's special commandment." As the work proceeded, more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated, including the requirement that words supplied in English to 'complete the meaning' of the originals should be printed in a different type face.[52]
Translation committees[edit]
The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved.[13] All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy.[53] The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster. The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies, as well as high churchmen. Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins.[54]
The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other.[55] The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work. Instead, a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well-paid livings as these fell vacant.[53] Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics, deaneries and prebends through royal patronage.
On 22 July 1604 King James VI and I sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project.
Right trusty and well beloved, we greet you well. Whereas we have appointed certain learned men, to the number of 4 and 50, for the translating of the Bible, and in this number, divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all, or else so very small, as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time cannot well remedy it, therefor we do hereby require you, that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York, as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant.[erbury] signifying unto them, that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that (all excuses set apart) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men, as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West.[minister] on 2 and 20 July, in the 2nd year of our reign of England, France, and of Ireland, and of Scotland xxxvii.[56]
The six committees started work towards the end of 1604. The Apocrypha committee finishing first, and all six completed their sections by 1608.[57] From January 1609, a General Committee of Review met at Stationers' Hall, London to review the completed marked texts from each of the committees, and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers' Company. The General Committee included John Bois, Andrew Downes, John Harmar, and others known only by their initials, including "AL" (who may be Arthur Lake). John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations (in Latin) – which has partly survived in two later transcripts.[58] Also surviving of the translators' working papers are a bound set of marked-up corrections to one of the forty Bishops' Bibles—covering the Old Testament and Gospels;[59] and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles, excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops' Bible.[60] Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes, of which one was the term "bishopricke" at Acts 1:20.[61]
- First Westminster Company, translated Genesis to 2 Kings: Lancelot Andrewes, John Overall, Hadrian à Saravia, Richard Clarke, John Layfield, Robert Tighe, Francis Burleigh, Geoffrey King, Richard Thomson, William Bedwell;
- First Cambridge Company, translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon: Edward Lively, John Richardson, Lawrence Chaderton, Francis Dillingham, Roger Andrewes, Thomas Harrison, Robert Spaulding, Andrew Bing;
- First Oxford Company, translated Isaiah to Malachi: John Harding, John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland, Richard Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough, William Thorne;[62]
- Second Oxford Company, translated the Gospels, Acts of the Apostles, and the Book of Revelation: Thomas Ravis, George Abbot, Richard Eedes, Giles Tomson, Sir Henry Savile, John Peryn, Ralph Ravens, John Harmar, John Aglionby, Leonard Hutten;
- Second Westminster Company, translated the Epistles: William Barlow, John Spenser, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester);
- Second Cambridge Company, translated the Apocrypha: John Duport, William Branthwaite, Jeremiah Radcliffe, Samuel Ward, Andrew Downes, John Bois, Robert Ward, Thomas Bilson, Richard Bancroft.[63]
Printing[edit]
Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the "chief overseer" of the production of the Authorized Version.
The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker, the King's Printer, in 1611 as a complete folio Bible.[64] It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings, or bound for twelve.[65] Robert Barker's father, Christopher, had, in 1589, been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer,[66] with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England.[f] Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition, and consequently ran into serious debt,[67] such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers, Bonham Norton and John Bill.[68] It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text, share printed sheets with the others, and split the proceeds. Bitter financial disputes broke out, as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits, while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money.[69] There followed decades of continual litigation, and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties,[69] while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible. In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing, for their own university presses—and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629,[70] and 1638.[71] The editors of these editions included John Bois and Samuel Ward from the original translators. This did not, however, impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers, especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version.[72]
Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611, which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3:15;[73] the first edition reading "he went into the city", where the second reads "she went into the city";[74] these are known colloquially as the "He" and "She" Bibles.[75]
The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface. The text of the Bible (only) is in black text. Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages. Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents. There are decorative initial letters for each chapter, and a decorated headpiece to each book, but no illustrations in the text.
The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized, and when printers, as a matter of course, expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places, so as to achieve an even column of text.[76] They set v for initial u and v, and u for u and v everywhere else. They used the long s (ſ) for non-final s.[77] The letter or glyph j occurs only after i, as in the final letter in a Roman numeral, such as XIIJ. Punctuation was relatively heavy (frequent) and differed from modern practice.[how?] When space needed to be saved, the printers sometimes used ye for the (replacing the Middle English thorn, Þ, with the continental y), set ã for an or am (in the style of scribe's shorthand), and set & for and. In contrast, on a few occasions, they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded.[citation needed] Later printings regularized these spellings; the punctuation has also been standardized, but still varies from current usage.
As can be seen in the example page on the left, the first printing used a blackletter typeface instead of a roman typeface, which itself made a political and a religious statement.[further explanation needed] Like the Great Bible and the Bishops' Bible, the Authorized Version was "appointed to be read in churches". It was a large folio volume meant for public use, not private devotion; the weight of the type—blackletter type was heavy physically as well as visually—mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it.[citation needed] However, smaller editions and roman-type editions followed rapidly, e.g. quarto roman-type editions of the Bible in 1612.[78] This contrasted with the Geneva Bible, which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface (although black-letter editions, particularly in folio format, were issued later).
In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops' Bible, which had both been extensively illustrated, there were no illustrations in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version, the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters – together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself, and to the New Testament.[citation needed]
In the Great Bible, readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type.[79] In the Geneva Bible, a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators, or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purpose, albeit sparsely and inconsistently.[80] This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text. When, from the later 17th century onwards, the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type, the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics, this application being regularized and greatly expanded. This was intended to de-emphasize the words.[81]
The original printing contained two prefatory texts; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to "the most high and mighty Prince" King James. Many British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not.[citation needed]
The second preface was called Translators to the Reader, a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version. It observes the translators' stated goal, that they "never thought from the beginning that [they] should need to make a new translation, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one, ... but to make a good one better, or out of many good ones, one principal good one, not justly to be excepted against; that hath been our endeavour, that our mark." They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations, stating, "We do not deny, nay, we affirm and avow, that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English, set forth by men of our profession, (for we have seen none of theirs [Catholics] of the whole Bible as yet) containeth the word of God, nay, is the word of God." As with the first preface, some British printings reproduce this, while most non-British printings do not. Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first.[citation needed] The first printing contained a number of other apparatus, including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong, and a calendar, an almanac, and a table of holy days and observances. Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752, and thus modern editions invariably omit it.[citation needed]
So as to make it easier to know a particular passage, each chapter was headed by a brief précis of its contents with verse numbers. Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries, or omitted such material entirely.[citation needed] Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts.[g]
Authorized Version[edit]
The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England. No record of its authorization exists; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council, but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618/19,[16] and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom. The King's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops' Bible,[66] so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England.
In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings[82]—though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version.[83]
The case was different in Scotland, where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church Bible. It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed—in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I.[84] The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. However, official policy favoured the Authorized Version, and this favour returned during the Commonwealth—as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell—and the "New Translation" was the only edition on the market.[85] F. F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the "Old Translation" (i.e. Geneva) as being in 1674.[86]
The Authorized Version's acceptance by the general public took longer. The Geneva Bible continued to be popular, and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam, where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint.[87] However, few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616, and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation. In the period of the English Civil War, soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called "The Soldiers' Bible".[88] In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as "The Bible without notes", thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva "Bible with notes".[84]
There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam—one as late as 1715[89] which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes;[90] one such edition was printed in London in 1649. During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes,[87] but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text. After the English Restoration, the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era.[citation needed] Furthermore, disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century, so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation.[citation needed] The Authorized Version became the only then current version circulating among English-speaking people.
A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation. Hugh Broughton, who was the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time but had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament,[91] issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version.[92] He especially criticized the translators' rejection of word-for-word equivalence and stated that "he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation (KJV) should ever be foisted upon the English people".[93] Walton's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version (and indeed the English language) entirely.[94] Walton's reference text throughout is the Vulgate.
The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan of 1651.[95] Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers (e.g., Job 41:24, not Job 41:33) for his head text. In Chapter 35: 'The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God', Hobbes discusses Exodus 19:5, first in his own translation of the 'Vulgar Latin', and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms "... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James", and "The Geneva French" (i.e. Olivétan). Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred. For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that, while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people, nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so, Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin. It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles.[96]
In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges, successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been—compositors freely varying spelling, capitalization and punctuation[97]—and also, over the years, introducing about 1,500 misprints (some of which, like the omission of "not" from the commandment "Thou shalt not commit adultery" in the "Wicked Bible",[98] became notorious). The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text—while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators' work, chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note.[99] A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration, in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer, but Parliament then decided against it.[citation needed]
By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in then current use in Protestant churches,[14] and was so dominant that the Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original.[100] However, general standards of spelling, punctuation, typesetting, capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version, and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with then current practice—and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction.[101]
Over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew, Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines, and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself—so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture.[102]
In the 18th century there was a serious shortage of Bibles in the American colonies. To meet the demand various printers, beginning with Samuel Kneeland in 1752, printed the King James Bible without authorization from the Crown. To avert prosecution and detection of an unauthorized printing they would include the royal insignia on the title page, using the same materials in its printing as the authorized version was produced from, which were imported from England.[103][104]
Standard text of 1769[edit]
Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition
By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version, combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints, had reached the proportion of a scandal, and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text. First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760, the culmination of 20 years' work by Francis Sawyer Parris,[105] who died in May of that year. This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762[106] and in John Baskerville's folio edition of 1763.[107]
This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition, edited by Benjamin Blayney,[108] though with comparatively few changes from Parris's edition; but which became the Oxford standard text, and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings.[109] Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers, while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638, and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own.
They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original, making many thousands of minor changes to the text. In addition, Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of "supplied" words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts. Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus, rather than the later editions of Theodore Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ.[110] Like the 1611 edition, the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha, although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators. It also includes both prefaces from the 1611 edition. Altogether, the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places.[111]
The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below.
[1611] 1. Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels, and haue not charity, I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie, and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge: and though I haue all faith, so that I could remooue mountaines, and haue no charitie, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore, and though I giue my body to bee burned, and haue not charitie, it profiteth me nothing.
[1769] 1. Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses: 11 changes of spelling, 16 changes of typesetting (including the changed conventions for the use of u and v), three changes of punctuation, and one variant text—where "not charity" is substituted for "no charity" in verse two, in the belief that the original reading was a misprint.
A particular verse for which Blayney's 1769 text differs from Parris's 1760 version is Matthew 5:13, where Parris (1760) has
Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out, and to be troden under foot of men.
Blayney (1769) changes 'lost his savour' to 'lost its savour', and troden to trodden.
For a period, Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text, but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney's work but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings. By the mid-19th century, almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text—increasingly without Blayney's variant notes and cross references, and commonly excluding the Apocrypha.[112] One exception to this was a scrupulous original-spelling, page-for-page, and line-for-line reprint of the 1611 edition (including all chapter headings, marginalia, and original italicization, but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original), published by Oxford in 1833.[h]
Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible, thoroughly revised, modernized and re-edited by F. H. A. Scrivener, who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes.[114] Scrivener, like Blayney, opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty.[115] In 2005, Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha, edited by David Norton, which followed in the spirit of Scrivener's work, attempting to bring spelling to present-day standards. Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks, while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text, so far as possible, to the wording used by its translators, especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents.[116] This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin Books.[117]
From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged—and since, due to advances in printing technology, it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale, it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English-speaking Protestant world. Academic debate through that century, however, increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars: (a) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible—both in terms of specific vocabulary, and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names; (b) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English, especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels; and (c) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries, the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text.[118]
Responding to these concerns, the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version, intending to retain the original text "except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary". The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 (New Testament), 1885 (Old Testament) and 1894 (Apocrypha); but, although it sold widely, the revision did not find popular favour, and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches.[119]
By the early 20th century, editing had been completed in Cambridge's text, with at least 6 new changes since 1769, and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings. The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions, and after the Second World War "the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset."[120]
Editorial criticism[edit]
F. H. A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769. In the 19th century, there were effectively three main guardians of the text. Norton identified five variations among the Oxford, Cambridge, and London (Eyre and Spottiswoode) texts of 1857, such as the spelling of "farther" or "further" at Matthew 26:39.[121]
In the 20th century, variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford. Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included "or Sheba",[122] "sin",[123] "clifts",[124] "vapour",[125] "flieth",[126] "further"[127] and a number of other references. In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford.[128] These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney's 1769 Edition. The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate,[129] and a potential theological issue,[130] particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition.[131]
Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5:8[132] in 1985, reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word "spirit" in lower case by using a capital letter "S".[133] A Rev. Hardin of Bedford, Pennsylvania, wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse, and received a reply on 3 June 1985 from the Bible Director, Jerry L. Hooper, claiming that it was a "matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case 's' in Spirit".[134]
Literary attributes[edit]Marginal notes[edit]
In obedience to their instructions, the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text, but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording.[135] The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original, introduced as "Heb", "Chal" (Chaldee, referring to Aramaic), "Gr" or "Lat". Others indicate a variant reading of the source text (introduced by "or"). Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages, or from variant forms quoted in the fathers. More commonly, though, they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators' preferred recent Latin versions: Tremellius for the Old Testament, Junius for the Apocrypha, and Beza for the New Testament.[136] At thirteen places in the New Testament[137][138] a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza's editions.[139]
A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency. Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants, although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible. In addition, there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references, in which one text was related to another. Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles, and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition. Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references—e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms.[140] At the head of each chapter, the translators provided a short précis of its contents, with verse numbers; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions.
Use of typeface[edit]
Also in obedience to their instructions, the translators indicated 'supplied' words in a different typeface; but there was no attempt to regularize the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies; and especially in the New Testament, it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case.[80] In one verse, 1 John 2:23, an entire clause was printed in roman type (as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop's Bible);[141] indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate, albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text.[142]
God’s name JEHOVAH in Psalms 83:18
In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton (YHWH) by "the LORD" (in later editions in small capitals as LORD),[i] or "the LORD God" (for YHWH Elohim, יהוה אלהים),[j] except in four places by "IEHOVAH".[143] However, if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai (Lord) then it is rendered not as the "Lord LORD" but as the "Lord God".[144] In later editions it appears as "Lord GOD", with "GOD" in small capitals, indicating to the reader that God's name appears in the original Hebrew.
Source texts[edit]Old Testament[edit]
For the Old Testament, the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg (1524/5),[145][failed verification] but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation.[146] For example, the Septuagint reading "They pierced my hands and my feet" was used in Psalm 22:16[147] (vs. the Masoretes' reading of the Hebrew "like lions my hands and feet"[148]). Otherwise, however, the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation—especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries, such as Kimhi, in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text;[149] earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places. Following the practice of the Geneva Bible, the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the medieval Vulgate Old Testament were renamed 'Ezra' and 'Nehemiah'; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed '1 Esdras' and '2 Esdras'.
New Testament[edit]
For the New Testament, the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588/89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza,[150][k] which also present Beza's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus's edition of the Latin Vulgate. Both of these versions were extensively referred to, as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin. F. H. A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza's Greek text, generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishops' Bible and other earlier English translations.[151] In about half of these instances, the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus. For the other half, Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus, or in the Complutensian Polyglot. However, in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version, which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate.[152] For example, at John 10:16,[153] the Authorized Version reads "one fold" (as did the Bishops' Bible, and the 16th-century vernacular versions produced in Geneva), following the Latin Vulgate "unum ovile", whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek, "one flocke" (μία ποίμνη). The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament; still, at least 80% of the text is unaltered from Tyndale's translation.[154]
Apocrypha[edit]
Unlike the rest of the Bible, the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes.[155] From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint—primarily, from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot—but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text, and to Junius's Latin translation. The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587, which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius. They had, however, no Greek texts for 2 Esdras, or for the Prayer of Manasses, and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript.[155]
Sources[edit]
The translators appear to have otherwise made no first-hand study of ancient manuscript sources, even those that—like the Codex Bezae—would have been readily available to them.[156] In addition to all previous English versions (including, and contrary to their instructions,[157] the Rheimish New Testament[158] which in their preface they criticized), they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available, including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573.[159] In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee, Hebrew, Syrian, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and German.[160]
The translators took the Bishops' Bible as their source text, and where they departed from that in favour of another translation, this was most commonly the Geneva Bible. However, the degree to which readings from the Bishops' Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company, as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own. John Bois's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources, including explicitly both Henry Savile's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament,[161] which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes.
Variations in recent translations[edit]
Main article: List of major textual variants in the New Testament
See also: List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations
A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations, where these are based on modern critical texts. In the early seventeenth century, the source Greek texts of the New Testament which were used to produce Protestant Bible versions were mainly dependent on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text-type, and they also contained minor variations which became known as the Textus Receptus.[162] With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts, most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts which belong to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors,[163] without giving it, or any family, automatic preference.[164]
Style and criticism[edit]
A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible, dignified and resonant in public reading.[165] Although the Authorized Version's written style is an important part of its influence on English, research has found only one verse—Hebrews 13:8—for which translators debated the wording's literary merits. While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation, finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition, in practice they also did the opposite; for example, 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word "prince".[5][needs context]
In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms, tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic, like verily and it came to pass.[91] The pronouns thou/thee and ye/you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively, even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage, especially when addressing a social superior (as is evidenced, for example, in Shakespeare).[166] For the possessive of the third person pronoun, the word its, first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598, is avoided.[167] The older his is usually employed, as for example at Matthew 5:13:[168] "if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted?";[167] in other places of it, thereof or bare it are found.[l] Another sign of linguistic conservatism is the invariable use of -eth for the third person singular present form of the verb, as at Matthew 2:13: "the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame". The rival ending -(e)s, as found in present-day English, was already widely used by this time (for example, it predominates over -eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe).[170] Furthermore, the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons, as in Genesis 13:5:[171] "And Lot also which went with Abram, had flocks and heards, & tents"[172] although who(m) is also found.[m]
The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions,[157] especially the Geneva Bible. This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators—several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English—but was also, in part, a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes.[173] Hence, where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word, and gloss its particular application in a marginal note, the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term, frequently in Anglicized Latin. Consequently, although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops' Bible as a base text, the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament, whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology.[174] In addition, the translators of the New Testament books transliterate names found in the Old Testament in their Greek forms rather than in the forms closer to the Old Testament Hebrew (e.g. "Elias" and "Noe" for "Elijah" and "Noah", respectively).
While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold, modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages, primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to (or not then highly regarded by) early-17th-century Biblical scholarship.[175] In the Old Testament, there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences, but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators. For example, in modern translations it is clear that Job 28:1–11[176] is referring throughout to mining operations, which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version.[177]
Mistranslations[edit]
The King James Version contains several alleged mistranslations, especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time.[178] Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy, where Hebrew: רְאֵם, romanized: Re'em with the probable meaning of "wild-ox, aurochs", is translated in the KJV as "unicorn"; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators. The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering, "rhinocerots" [sic] in the margin at Isaiah 34:7. On a similar note Martin Luther's German translation had also relied on the Latin Vulgate on this point, consistently translating רְאֵם using the German word for unicorn, Einhorn.[179] Otherwise, the translators are accused on several occasions of having mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name (or vice versa); as at 2 Samuel 1:18 where 'the Book of Jasher' Hebrew: סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר, romanized: sepher ha-yasher properly refers not to a work by an author of that name, but should rather be rendered as "the Book of the Upright" (which was proposed as an alternative reading in a marginal note to the KJV text).
Influence[edit]
Despite royal patronage and encouragement, there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation. It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops' Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer, and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter. In 1763 The Critical Review complained that "many false interpretations, ambiguous phrases, obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner". Blayney's 1769 version, with its revised spelling and punctuation, helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language.[5] By the 19th century, F. W. Faber could say of the translation, "It lives on the ear, like music that can never be forgotten, like the sound of church bells, which the convert hardly knows how he can forego."[180]
Geddes MacGregor called the Authorized Version "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language",[181] "the most important book in English religion and culture", and "the most celebrated book in the English-speaking world". David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English; examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind. Furthermore, prominent atheist figures such as Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being "a giant step in the maturing of English literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then adding, "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian".[182][183]
The King James Version is one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and other parts of the Anglican Communion,[184] as it is the historical Bible of this church.
It was presented to King Charles III at his coronation service.[185][186]
Other Christian denominations have also accepted the King James Version. The King James Version is used by English-speaking Conservative Anabaptists, along with Methodists of the conservative holiness movement, in addition to certain Baptists.[187][188] In the Orthodox Church in America, it is used liturgically and was made "the 'official' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox". The later Service Book of the Antiochian archdiocese, in vogue today, also uses the King James Version.[n] The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continues to use its own edition of the Authorized Version as its official English Bible.
Although the Authorized Version's preeminence in the English-speaking world has diminished—for example, the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it—it is still the most used translation in the United States, especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals. However, over the past forty years it has been gradually overtaken by modern versions, principally the New International Version (1973), the New Revised Standard Version (1989),[5] and the English Standard Version (2001), the latter of which is seen as a successor to the King James Version.[190]
King James Only movement[edit]
Main article: King James Only movement
The King James Only movement advocates the belief that the King James Version is superior to all other English translations of the Bible. Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close, if not identical, to the original autographs, thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation. They argue that manuscripts such as the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus, on which most modern English translations are based, are corrupted New Testament texts. One of them, Perry Demopoulos, was a director of the translation of the King James Bible into Russian. In 2010 the Russian translation of the KJV of the New Testament was released in Kyiv, Ukraine.[191] In 2017, the first complete edition of a Russian King James Bible was released.[192] In 2017, a Faroese translation of the King James Bible was released as well.[193]
Copyright status[edit]
The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world. In the United Kingdom, the right to print, publish and distribute it is a royal prerogative,[194] and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent. In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the letters patent are held by the King's Printer; in Scotland, they are held by the Scottish Bible Board. The office of the King's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries, the earliest known reference coming in 1577.[195]
In the 18th century, all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett. The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the King's Printer is now Cambridge University Press, which inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990.[195]
Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the King's Printer. In Scotland, the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board. The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders, or those authorized by the holders, from printing, publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom. The protection that the Authorized Version, and also the Book of Common Prayer, enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom.[195]
Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative.[196]
Permission[edit]
Within the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for "liturgical and non-commercial educational use", provided that their prescribed acknowledgement is included, the quoted verses do not exceed 25% of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book.[197] For use beyond this, the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case-by-case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used.[198][199]
Apocrypha[edit]
Further information: Biblical canon
Translations of the books of the biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version, as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer. Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the apocrypha—generally, following the Luther Bible, in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text—and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature, especially in Puritan circles.[200][201]
The apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the apocrypha of the Bishops' Bible; however, following the practice of the Geneva Bible, the first two books of the apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras, as compared to the names in the Thirty-nine Articles, with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah. Starting in 1630, volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the apocrypha section excluded. In 1644, the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the apocrypha in churches; and in 1666, the first editions of the King James Bible without the apocrypha were bound.[202]
The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print-runs at very low unit prices. For commercial and charitable publishers, editions of the Authorized Version without the apocrypha reduced the cost, while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers.[203]
With the rise of the Bible societies, most editions have omitted the whole section of apocryphal books.[204] The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for Bible printing and dissemination in 1826, under the following resolution:
That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture, to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal;[205]
The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy. Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th-century ecumenical efforts on translations, the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966.[206]
- See also[edit]
Religion portal
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Christianity portal
- 21st Century King James Version
- Bible errata
- Bible translations
- Charles XII Bible
- Dynamic and formal equivalence
- Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives
- New King James Version
- Red letter edition
- Young's Literal Translation
- ^ The King James Version can also be found abbreviated as either the KJB (King James Bible) or the AV (Authorized Version).
- ^ The King James Version has publication restrictions in the United Kingdom—see the section regarding copyright status.
- ^ The King James Version has also been used throughout a multitude of Protestant denominations since its original publication. In addition, it has been used by various sects.
- ^ James acceded to the throne of Scotland as James VI in 1567, and to that of England and Ireland as James I in 1603. The correct style is therefore "James VI and I".
- ^ "And now at last, ... it being brought unto such a conclusion, as that we have great hope that the Church of England (sic) shall reape good fruit thereby ..."[3]
- ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly.
- ^ Norton 2011, p. x notes: "In all likelihood, the first edition of the King James Bible was hurried through the press before the translators had fully completed their work. One of the casualties of this hurry was the paragraphing. It emerged rough and incomplete: for instance, there are no paragraph breaks marked in the New Testament after Acts 20.
- ^ The Holy Bible, an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI 2 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1833 (reprints, ISBN 0-8407-0041-5, 1565631625 or available at Internet Archive: Vol1: https://archive.org/details/holybibleexactre00oxfouoft and Vol2: https://archive.org/details/holybibleexactre02oxfouoft). According to J.R. Dore,[113] the edition "so far as it goes, represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original. The spelling, punctuation, italics, capitals, and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care. It is, however, printed in Roman instead of black letter type."
- ^ Genesis 4:1
- ^ Genesis 2:4 "אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים"
- ^ Edward F. Hills made the following important statement in regard to the KJV and the Received Text:
The translators that produced the King James Version relied mainly, it seems, on the later editions of Beza's Greek New Testament, especially his 4th edition (1588–9). But also they frequently consulted the editions of Erasmus and Stephanus and the Complutensian Polyglot. According to Scrivener (1884), (51) out of the 252 passages in which these sources differ sufficiently to affect the English rendering, the King James Version agrees with Beza against Stephanus 113 times, with Stephanus against Beza 59 times, and 80 times with Erasmus, or the Complutensian, or the Latin Vulgate against Beza and Stephanus. Hence the King James Version ought to be regarded not merely as a translation of the Textus Receptus but also as an independent variety of the Textus Receptus.
— Edward F. Hills, The King James Version Defended, p. 220.
- ^ e.g. Matthew 7:27: "great was the fall of it.", Matthew 2:16: "in Bethlehem, and in all the coasts thereof", Leviticus 25:5: "That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest". (Leviticus 25:5 is changed to its in many modern printings).[169]
- ^ e.g. at Genesis 3:12: "The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee"
- ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version. It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America. Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century, and Isabel Hapgood's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the "official" translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox. Both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms (that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer), thereby giving us two translations in the same services. This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese, which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections. This translation, reproducing the stately prose of 1611, was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas. It is still in widespread use to this day, and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV.[189]
Citations[edit]
- ^ "Bible Translation Spectrum". Logos Bible Software Wiki. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ "Bible Translation Spectrum". Logos Bible Software Wiki. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
- ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611.
- ^ "Apocrypha".
- ^ Jump up to:
- a c d "400 years of the King James Bible". The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ "The King James Bible: The Book That Changed the World – BBC Two". BBC.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 204.
- ^ The Sixth Point of Calvinism, The Historicism Research Foundation, Inc., 2003, ISBN 09620681-4-4
- ^ The Holy Bible ... With a General Introduction and Short Explanatory Notes, by B. Boothroyd. James Duncan. 1836.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 435.
- ^ Hill 1997, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a c d e f Daniell 2003, p. 439.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 436.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 488.
- ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974, Authorised Version of the Bible.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Douglas 1974, Bible (English Versions).
- ^ Hobbes 2010, Chapter XXXV.
- ^ Pearse 1761, p. 79.
- ^ Kimber 1775, p. 279.
- ^ Butler 1807, p. 219.
- ^ Holmes 1815, p. 277.
- ^ Horne 1818, p. 14.
- ^ Adams, Thacher & Emerson 1811, p. 110.
- ^ Hacket 1715, p. 205.
- ^ Anon. 1814, p. 356.
- ^ Anon. 1783, p. 27.
- ^ Twells 1731, p. 95.
- ^ Newcome 1792, p. 113.
- ^ Anon. 1801, p. 145.
- ^ Greenslade 1963, p. 168.
- ^ Smith 1814, p. 209.
- ^ Chapman 1856, p. 270.
- ^ Anon. 1856, pp. 530–31.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 75.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 143.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 152.
- ^ Juhász, Gergely; Paul Arblaster (2005). "Can Translating the Bible Be Bad for Your Health?: William Tyndale and the Falsification of Memory". In Johan Leemans (ed.). More Than a Memory: The Discourse of Martyrdom and the Construction of Christian Identity in the History of Christianity. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 90-429-1688-5.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 156.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 277.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 291.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 292.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 304.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 339.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 344.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 186.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 364.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 221.
- ^ Valpy, Michael (5 February 2011). "How the mighty has fallen: The King James Bible turns 400". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 433.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 434.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 328.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 10.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Bobrick 2001, p. 223.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 442.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 444.
- ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975, p. 235.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 11.
- ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 20.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 257.
- ^ DeCoursey 2003, pp. 331–32.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, pp. 223–44.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 309.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 310.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 453.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 451.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 454.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 455.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 424.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 520.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 4557.
- ^ Ruth 3:15
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 62.
- ^ Anon. 1996.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 46.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 261.
- ^ Herbert 1968, pp. 313–14.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 61.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Scrivener 1884, p. 70.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 162.
- ^ Procter & Frere 1902, p. 187.
- ^ Hague 1948, p. 353.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 458.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 459.
- ^ Bruce 2002, p. 92.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Hill 1993, p. 65.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 577.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 936.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 457.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Bobrick 2001, p. 264.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 266.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 265.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 510.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 478.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 489.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 94.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 444.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, pp. 147–94.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 515.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 99.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 619.
- ^ Newgass, 1958, p. 32.
- ^ Thomas, 1874, Vol. I, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Norton 2005.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 1142.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 106.
- ^ Herbert 1968, p. 1196.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 113.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 242.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 120.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 125.
- ^ Dore 1888, p. 363.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 691.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 122.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 131.
- ^ Norton 2006.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 685.
- ^ Chadwick 1970, pp. 40–56.
- ^ Norton 2005, pp. 115, 126, “[p. 115, ftn 1 ...] Josh. 19:2; [...] Nahum 3:16; [...] Gen. 10:7; 25:4; [...] Josh. 10:1 (and 3); 19:19 (two readings); 2 Sam. 5:14; 21:21; 23:37; 1 Chr. 2:49; [...] 7:19; 23:20; 24:11; 2 Chr. 20:36; [...] Neh. 7:30; [...] Amos 2:2; [...]”, ”[p. 126 ...] 2 Samuel 6[:8; ...] Judg. 13:19 [...]”.
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 126.
- ^ Joshua 19:2
- ^ 2 Chronicles 33:19
- ^ Job 30:6
- ^ Psalm 148:8
- ^ Nahum 3:16
- ^ Matthew 26:39
- ^ Norton 2005, p. 144.
- ^ White 2009.
- ^ "Settings of the King James Bible" (PDF). ourkjv.com. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ tbsbibles.org (2013). "Editorial Report" (PDF). Quarterly Record. 603 (2nd Quarter). Trinitarian Bible Society: 10–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ 1 John 5:8
- ^ "CUP letter" (PDF). ourkjv.com. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- ^ Asquith, John M. (7 September 2017). "The Hooper Letter". purecambridgetext.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 56.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 43.
- ^ Metzger, Bruce (1968). Historical and Literary Studies. Brill. p. 144.
- ^ e.g. Luke 17:36 and Acts 25:6
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 58.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 118.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 68.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 254.
- ^ Exodus 6:3, Psalm 83:18, Isaiah 12:2 and Isaiah 26:4) and three times in a combination form. (Genesis 22:14, Exodus 17:15, Judges 6:24
- ^ Psalm 73:28, etc.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 42.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 262.
- ^ Psalm 22:16
- ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh, copyright 1985
- ^ Daiches 1968, p. 208.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 60.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, pp. 243–263.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 262.
- ^ John 10:16
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 448.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Scrivener 1884, p. 47.
- ^ Scrivener 1884, p. 59.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Daniell 2003, p. 440.
- ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969, p. xxv.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 246.
- ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611.
- ^ Bois, Allen & Walker 1969, p. 118.
- ^ Metzger 1964, pp. 103–06.
- ^ Metzger 1964, p. 216.
- ^ Metzger 1964, p. 218.
- ^ For more, see Timothy Berg, textandcanon.org, "Seven Common Misconceptions about the King James Bible", Text & Canon Institute (2022).
- ^ Barber 1997, pp. 153–54.
- ^ Jump up to:
- a Barber 1997, p. 150.
- ^ Matthew 5:13
- ^ Barber 1997, pp. 150–51.
- ^ Barber 1997, pp. 166–67.
- ^ Genesis 13:5
- ^ Barber 1997, p. 212.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 229.
- ^ Bobrick 2001, p. 252.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 5.
- ^ Job 28:1–11
- ^ Bruce 2002, p. 145.
- ^ "Errors in the King James Version? by William W. Combs" (PDF). DBSJ. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ "BibleGateway – : Einhorn". biblegateway.com.
- ^ Hall 1881.
- ^ MacGregor 1968, p. 170.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2011). "When the King Saved God". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ "Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible". The Guardian. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
- ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church: Canon 2: Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Martin, Dan (6 May 2023). "King Charles' Coronation Oath Bible will contain mistakes". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ "Archbishop of Canterbury receives the Coronation Bible at Lambeth Palace". Retrieved 14 February 2024.
- ^ Grammich, Clifford Anthony (1999). Local Baptists, Local Politics: Churches and Communities in the Middle and Uplands South. University of Tennessee Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-57233-045-0.
- ^ Dunkard Brethren Church Polity. Dunkard Brethren Church. 1 November 2021. p. 7.
- ^ "Biblical Studies". Department of Christian Education – Orthodox Church in America. 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ Durken, Daniel (17 December 2015). New Collegeville Bible Commentary: Old Testament. Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-3587-2. The King James tradition was continued in the Revised Version of 1881 and 1885, the Revised Standard Version of 1946 and 1952, and the New Revised Standard Version of 1989.
- ^ "Russian: New Testament Bible with Job through Song of Solomon". Bible Baptist Bookstore. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ "description". harvestukraine.org. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
- ^ "Heilaga Bíblia" (in Danish). Retrieved 6 August 2021.
- ^ "The royal prerogative and ministerial advice" (PDF). UK Parliament. House of Commons Library. Retrieved 3 August 2024. [The royal prerogative includes] Sole right of printing or licensing the printing of the Authorised Version of the Bible, the Book of Common Prayer, state papers and Acts of Parliament
- ^ Jump up to:
- a c Metzger & Coogan 1993, p. 618.
- ^ "Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 171", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, 1988 c. 48 (s. 171), retrieved 3 August 2024
- ^ "Bibles". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "Shakespeare's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties – The Daily Telegraph". 29 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "The Queen's Printer's Patent". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012. We grant permission to use the text, and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK, as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 187.
- ^ Hill 1993, p. 338.
- ^ Kenyon 1909.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 600.
- ^ Daniell 2003, p. 622.
- ^ Browne 1859, pp. 362–.
- ^ Melton 2005, p. 38.
Works cited[edit]
- Adams, David Phineas; Thacher, Samuel Cooper; Emerson, William (1811). The Monthly Anthology, and Boston Review. Munroe and Francis.
- Anon. (1783). A call to the Jews. J. Johnson.
- Anon. (1801). The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine. J. Whittle.
- Anon. (1814). Missionary Register. Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society.
- Anon. (1856). The Original Secession Magazine. Vol. ii. Edinburgh: Moodie and Lothian.
- Anon. (1996). The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection: A Checklist. Bridwell Library. ISBN 978-0-941881-19-7.
- Barber, Charles Laurence (1997). Early modern English (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0835-4.
- Bobrick, Benson (2001). Wide as the waters: the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84747-7.
- Bois, John; Allen, Ward; Walker, Anthony (1969). Translating for King James; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James's Bible, the Authorized Version, as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers' Hall in London in 1610–1611. Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost, and only now are come to light, through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman. Here translated and edited by Ward Allen. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press. OCLC 607818272.
- Browne, George (1859). History of the British and Foreign Bible Society. p. 362.
- Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (2002). History of the Bible in English. Cambridge: Lutterworth Press. ISBN 0-7188-9032-9.
- Butler, Charles (1807). Horae Biblicae. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). London: J. White. OCLC 64048851.
- Chadwick, Owen (1970). The Victorian Church Part II. Edinburgh: A&C Black. ISBN 0-334-02410-2.
- Chapman, James L. (1856). Americanism versus Romanism: or the cis-Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope. Nashville, TN: the author. OCLC 1848388.
- Daiches, David (1968). The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books. ISBN 0-208-00493-9.
- Daniell, David (2003). The Bible in English: its history and influence. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09930-4.
- DeCoursey, Matthew (2003). Edward A. Malone (ed.). British Rhetoricians and Logicians, 1500–1660: Second series. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6025-3.
- Dore, John Read (1888). Old Bibles: An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible (2nd ed.). Eyre and Spottiswoode.
- Douglas, James Dixon, ed. (1974). New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Zondervan.
- Greenslade, S. L. (1963). "English Versions of the Bible, 1525–1611". In Greenslade, S. L. (ed.). The Cambridge History of the Bible, Volume III: The West From Reformation to Present Day. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 141–175.
- Melton, J. Gordon (2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6983-5.
- Hacket, John (1715). Bishop Hacket's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg'd: With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State. Sam. Briscoe.
- Hague, Dyson (1948). Through the Prayer Book. Church Book Room Press.
- Hall, Isaac Hollister (1881). The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions. Hubbard Bros.
- Herbert, A. S. (1968). Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible, 1525–1961, Etc. British and Foreign Bible Society.
- Hill, Christopher (1993). The English Bible and the seventeenth-century revolution. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9078-3.
- Hill, Christopher (1997). Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17432-2.
- Hobbes, Thomas (2010). Leviathan. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55481-003-1.
- Holmes, A. (1815). "An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible". In Worcester, Noah (ed.). The Christian Disciple. Vol. iii. Boston: Cummings & Hilliard.
- Horne, Thomas Hartwell (1818). An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures, Vol. 2. London: T. Cadell and A Davies.
- Kenyon, Sir Frederic G. (1909). "English Versions". In James Hastings (ed.). Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-1-56563-915-7.
- Kimber, Isaac (1775). The history of England, from the earliest accounts, to the accession of his present Majesty King George III (5th ed.). London: J. Buckland. OCLC 14263883.
- "Epistle Dedicatorie" . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . 1611 – via Wikisource.
- "Translators to the Reader" . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . 1611 – via Wikisource.
- Metzger, Bruce M. (1964). The Text of the New Testament. Clarendon.
- Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504645-5.
- Norton, David (2011). "Editor's introduction". The new Cambridge paragraph Bible with the apocrypha : King James version (Revised ed.). Cambridge: University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76284-7. OCLC 665139368.
- Procter, Francis; Frere, Walter Howard (1902). A New History of the Book of Common Prayer. MacMillan & Co.
- MacGregor, Geddes (1968). A Literary History of the Bible: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day. Abingdon Press. LCCN 68011477.
- Newcome, William (1792). Historical View of the English Biblical Translations. John Exshaw.
- Newgass, Edgar (1958). An outline of Anglo-American Bible history. London : B.T. Batsford.
- Norton, David (2005). A Textual History of the King James Bible. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77100-5.
- Norton, David, ed. (2006). The Bible. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-144151-8.
- Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (1974). Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192115454.
- Pearse, Salem (1761). "A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English". The Second Part of the Celestial Diary. London: Robert Brown. p. 79.
- Prickett, Stephen; Carroll, Robert P., eds. (2008). The Bible: Authorized King James Version. Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-953594-1.
- Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose (1884). The Authorized Edition of the English Bible, 1611, its subsequent reprints and modern representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 November 2008.
- Smith, William (1814). The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God: according to the usage of the primitive church. New York: T. and J. Swords. OCLC 3512140.
- Story, G. M. (1967). Lancelot Andrewes Sermons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.
- Twells, Leonard (1731). A critical examination of the late new text and version of the New Testament ... Part I. London: R.Gosling.
- Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Irving (1975). The People's Almanac. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-385-04186-7.
- White, James R. (2009). The King James Only Controversy: Can You Trust Modern Translations?. Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-7642-0605-4.
Further reading[edit]
Chronological order of publication (newest first)
- Joalland, Michael. "Isaac Newton Reads the King James Version: The Marginal Notes and Reading Marks of a Natural Philosopher." Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, vol. 113, no. 3 (2019): 297–339.
- Burke, David G., John F. Kutsko, and Philip H. Towner, eds. The King James Version at 400: Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence (Society of Biblical Literature; 2013) 553 pages; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th-century religious lyric, the KJV and the language of liturgy, and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective.
- Crystal, David (2011). Begat: The King James Bible and the English Language. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19969518-8.
- Hallihan, C.P. (2010). Authorized Version: A Wonderful and Unfinished History. Trinitarian Bible Society. ISBN 978-1-86228-049-6. Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication, in 1611, of the Authorized ("King James") Version of the Bible
- Keay, Julia (2005). Alexander the Corrector: the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-713196-8.
- Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-073817-0.
- Nicolson, Adam (2003). Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-710893-1. In US: (2003). God's secretaries: the making of the King James Bible. London: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-018516-3. Paperback: (2011). When God Spoke English: The Making of the King James Bible. London: Harper. ISBN 978-0-00-743100-7.
- McGrath, Alister E. (2002). In the beginning: the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation, a language and a culture. New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-72216-8.
- The Diary Of Samuel Ward: A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible, eds. John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen, contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632.
- Ward, Thomas (1903). Errata of the Protestant Bible [i.e. mostly of the Authorized "King James" Version]; or, The Truth of the English Translations Examined, in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures, Used by Protestants. A new ed., carefully rev. and corr., in which are add[itions]. New York: P.J. Kennedy and Sons. N.B.: A polemical Roman Catholic work, first published in the late 17th century.
- Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702–1835. 1761.
External links[edit]
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- Scanned copy of the original 1611 Authorized King James Bible
- The Holy Bible: An Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI. Oxford: The University Press, 1833, "a scrupulous original-spelling, page-for-page, and line-for-line reprint of the 1611 edition (including all chapter headings, marginalia, and original italicization, but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original)" cited in Footnote d above. Complete pdf of the original book.
- The Cambridge Paragraph Bible of the Authorized English Version: With the Text Revised by a Collation of Its Early and Other Principal Editions, the Use of the Italic Type Made Uniform, the Marginal References Remodelled, and a Critical Introduction Prefixed. Cambridge, UK: The University Press, 1873. Complete pdf of the original book.
- "King James Version (text of original 1611 Bible)". kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011. Online searchable database of the original 1611 text, including the Apocrypha and introductory text. It also contains the 1769 standard edition.
- "Online gallery: Sacred texts: King James Bible". British Library. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007. On-line image of a page (beginning of St John's gospel) with a written description by the British Library.
- "The Holy Bible, conteyning the Old Testament, and the New. Imprinted at London: By Robert Barker ..., 1611". Colenda Digital Repository, University of Pennsylvania Library. Retrieved 27 September 2007. On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible, "He" Bible variant.
- "King James Version (facsimile of alternative 1611 edition, "She" Bible)". Retrieved 31 August 2011. On-line facsimile (page images) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible.
- Works by King James Version at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
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King James Version
- TextSourceMasoretic Text (OT)Textus Receptus (NT)
- DerivativeNew King James Version (NKJV)21st Century King James Version (KJ21)Third Millennium Bible (TMB)Divine Name King James Bible (DNKJB)Modern English Version (MEV)
- TranslatorsWestminsterLancelot Andrewes, John Overall, Hadrian à Saravia, Richard Clarke, John Layfield, Robert Tighe, Francis Burleigh, Geoffrey King, Richard Thomson, William BedwellWilliam Barlow, John Spenser, Roger Fenton, Ralph Hutchinson, William Dakins, Michael Rabbet, Thomas Sanderson (who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester)
- OxfordJohn Harding, John Rainolds (or Reynolds), Thomas Holland, Richard Kilby, Miles Smith, Richard Brett, Daniel Fairclough, William Thorne, Thomas Ravis, George Abbot, Richard Eedes, Giles Tomson, Sir Henry Savile, John Peryn, Ralph Ravens, John Harmar, John Aglionby, Leonard Hutten
- CambridgeEdward Lively, John Richardson, Lawrence Chaderton, Francis Dillingham, Roger Andrewes, Thomas Harrison, Robert Spaulding, Andrew Bing, John Duport, William Branthwaite, Jeremiah Radcliffe, Samuel Ward, Andrew Downes, John Bois, Robert Ward, Thomas Bilson, Richard Bancroft
- TechniqueFormal equivalence
- TheologyKing James Only movementVerbal plenary preservation
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English-language translations of the Bible
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